英语词汇学课件-Unit-9

UNIT9CAUSESANDPROCESSESOFSEMANTICCHANGEContents词义演变的社会原因1词义演变的语言原因2词义演变的三种过程3Lexicalandsemanticchangesinwordsaremorerapidthanarephonologicalandgrammaticalchanges.Newproductsoftenrequirenewdesignations,andsomewordspassoutofcurrentvocabularyastheparticularsortsofobjectsorwaysofbehavingtowhichtheyreferbecomeobsolete.Introduction9.1Causesofsemanticchange9.1.1Extra-linguisticfactors(1)Socialdevelopmentlanguage,societyandculturee.g.snow(Eskimo),camel(Arabicdialects)pen/manuscript/ship/straw/atom/pennysun/moonsalt/normal/appendix/base/finish/mole/scene/aloof/car/computer(2)Socialeventse.g.Abdication/Accessionday“解放”(3)Socialclassese.g.villain/noblecopperhead(4)Nationalemotione.g.totakeFrenchleave(fileràl’anglaise)Italianhand/Spanishathlete/IrishbullYouareIrish.Japanhasn’tgotaChinaman’schance~ofwinningthewar.(5)Racialdiscriminatione.g.HeworkslikeaNegro.(6)Genderdiscriminationsexism:theuseofwordswithmasculineimplications(man,he)whenbothsexesareintendedorappropriate.*chairman,foreman,policeman,mailmanchair,supervisor,policeofficer,lettercarrieramiddle-agedclubbywoman:girl/lady/woman(7)Socialvalueseuphemism:Inrhetoric,(theuseof)amild,comforting,orevasiveexpressionthattakestheplaceofonethatistaboo,negative,offensive,ortoodirect.e.g.Gosh/God,terminate/killAmanishelpingthepolicewiththeirinquiries.payingguest/boarder,lodgerliquidation/assassinationliberation/aggression(8)Officialdocumentscircumlocution:Alsoperiphrasis.Inrhetoric,awordyandindirectwayofsayingsomething.e.g.death:negativepatientcareoutcomeobscure,officious,pompous,authoritarian,intimidatingdoublespeak,buzzword/vogueword9.1.2Linguisticfactors(1)Influxofloanwordse.g.beast(Fr.)/animal(Latin)/deer(2)Competitionamongnativewordse.g.hound/dog,fowl/bird,chair/stool(3)Shorteningofphrasese.g.gas,gold,bulbcoalgas,goldmedal,lightbulb(4)Analogye.g.time/riverflowoftime,currentsofhistory9.2Processesofsemanticchange9.2.1radiation:aprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.9.2.2concatenation:aprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmanycases,thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.9.2.3proliferationExP276-3课后作业Textinhere预习教材第十和第十一单元。课后作业：登录班级邮箱下载第二次作业