英语词汇学5

6.2MainTypesofWordMeaning6.2.1GrammaticalmeaningGrammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm(词形变化).1.Word-class:Word-classistraditionallyknownasthepartofspeechoftheword.e.g.modern:adj.,modernize:v,modernization:nLexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords,whereasgrammaticalmeaningisdominantinfunctionwords,butinneithercaseisgrammaticalmeaningabsent.2.Inflectionalparadigm词形变化e.g.cat--cats,mouse--mice;great--greatertowalk--walked,towrite—writes,wrote,writtenThesetofgrammaticalformsofawordarecalleditsparadigm.Nounsaredeclined,verbsareconjugated(动词)变化,andgradable可分级的adjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.Thelexicalmeaningofawordisthesamethroughouttheparadigm;thatis,alltheword-formsofoneandthesamewordhavethesamelexicalmeaning,yetthegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword-formtoanother;Ontheotherhandthegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetofindividualformsofdifferentwords,e.g.played,sang,worked,etc.desks,data,boxes,etc.6.2.2LexicalmeaningAnothercomponentofwordmeaningislexicalmeaning,whichisdifferentfromgrammaticalmeaningintworespects:a.Lexicalmeaningofawordisthesameinalltheformsofoneandthesamewordwhilethegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword-formtoanother;b.Everywordhasadifferentlexicalmeaning,whereasthegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetsofindividualformsofdifferentwords.AcommonquotedandacceptedwayofclassifyinglexicalmeaningsistheonebyG.leech(1974),whorecognizes7typesofmeaninginhisSemantics:1.conceptualmeaning2.connotativemeaning3.stylisticmeaning4.affectivemeaningassociativemeaning5.reflectedmeaning6.collocativemeaning7.thematicmeaning1.ConceptualmeaningConceptualmeaning/denotativemeaning.Itisthecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication.Oneofthefunctionsofwordsistodesignateordescribesomething,suchasanobject,aproperty,aprocessorastateofaffairs....conceptualmeaninginvolvestherelationshipbetweenalinguisticunit(esp.alexicalitem)andthenon-linguisticentitiestowhichitrefers...(Crystal1980)e.g.chair:apieceoffurnitureforonepersontositon,havingabackand,usually,fourlegs.Theconceptualmeaningisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.Itisrelativelyconstantandstable,becauseitisthemeaningagreeduponbyallthemembersoftehsamespeechcommunity.Theconceptualmeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongiveninadictionary.Charactersofconceptualmeaninga.Suchameaningisthebasicmeaningexpressedincommunication.Ithasbeenwritteninthedictionary.Ithasnotanydirectconnectionwiththenaturalobjectsandphenomena.Itnevervariesaccordingtodifferentpeople.b.Conceptualmeaningisthereflectionandsummaryofthenaturalthings.e.g.manuscript--manu(hand)+script(write)--somethingwrittenbyhandbarn--theplaceforstoringwheat;nowtheplacetokeepandkindofcerealortokeepcattle.wife--woman,nowreferstowomanwhohasgotmarried.Theoriginalmeaningstillexistinwordslikehousewife,midwife.c.Somepolysemicwordscanhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentconceptualmeanings.e.g.operation--外科手术，机器操作，经营，军事演习，运算AssociativemeaningAssociativemeaningofawordisthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyheartheword.Associativemeaningisthatpartofmeaningwhichhasbeensupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itisthemeaningwhicharisesoftheassociationsawordacquires.Itisunstable,becauseitvarieswithculture,time,place,class,individualexperiences,etc.Associativemeaningincludesconnotative,stylistic,affectiveandcollocativemeanings.Forexample,inawordassociationtestapersonmightbegivenaword(astimulus)andthenaskedtolistallthethingstheymightthinkof(theresponse).Forexample:stimulusresponsepuppywarmyoungfurrylivelykittenwarm,young,furry,lively,kittenmakeuptheassociativemeaningofpuppyorthatperson.Associativemeaninghasbeenusedinstudiesofmemoryandthought.2.ConnotativemeaningConnotativemeaningrefertotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestedinone'smind;itisthesupplementaryvaluewhichisaddedtothepurelydenotativemeaningofaword.e.g.mother--femaleparent;love,care,tendernessJanuary--thefirstmonthoftheyear;coldweather,holidayrose--agardenflowerwhichhasalotofpetalsandapleasantsmell.loveConnotativemeaningisadditionalinthatitindicatesthephysicalexperienceinthespeaker’sassociativemind,changingwithspeakers,situations,etc.Theseconnotationsarenotgiveninthedictionaries,butassociatedwiththewordinactualcontexttoparticularreadersandspeakers.Itisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.CharacteristicsofConnotativemeaning:a.Connotativemeaningdoesnotexistalone.Itissomethingthatlivestogetherwiththedenotativemeaning.Itcanbedifferentamongdifferentpeopleofdifferentage,country,communityandtime.e.g.“Home”connotes“warmthandcomfort”forsome,butitmaygetaderogatoryconnotation,“coldnessandtroubles”,etc.toothersareprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome.b.Theconnotativemeaningisnotlimitedtoonespeechcommunityoronelanguage.e.g.white--tomostChineseandwesterners,certainsimilarfavorableconnotations:morallyorspirituallypure;spotless,innocent.清白无暇，洁白。fox--cunninglamb--gentleandobedientc.Becauseconnotationmayvaryamongdifferentpeopleorpeopleofdifferentagegroups,theconnotationofwordscanincreasegradually.Butconno