英语词汇3

Chapter3Word-FormationI:TheMajorProcesses3.1Derivation3.2Compounding3.3ConversionWord-formationisaprocessofcreatingnewwordsbymeansofexistingelementsandaccordingtothepatternsandrulesofagivenlanguage.Thethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%)1.DerivationDerivationoraffixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaderivationalmorpheme(usuallysuffixorprefix)totheroot.Prefixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaprefixtotheroot.Suffixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingasuffixtotheroot.Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningoftheroot;thereforethesimplewordanditsprefixedderivativeusuallybelongtothesamepartofspeech.Thegroupofclass-changingprefixesisrathersmall,e.g.:be-adj.orn.----v.becalm,belittle,befriendde-n.-----v.deform,deoil,defrosten-n.-----v.enslave,endangerun-n.-----v.unleash（解开…皮带）,unearthanti-n.-----adj.anti-war,anti-carbon防积炭的inter-n.-----adj.inter-state,inter-laboratorypost-n.-----adj.postwar,postliberationpre-n.-----adj.prewar,preplantPrefixation:TheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:1)Negativeprefixes:canbeuesedinfrontofmanywords(mainlynounsandverbs)toexpressanegativeoroppositemeaning.a-/an-:amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchydis-:dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-:Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-:nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholicun-:uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrestAmentionshouldbemadeofthenegativeprefixin.Itcanberealizedindifferentphonologicalenvironmentasin,im,ir,il.“Im”,before/b/,/p/and/m/:imbalance,impossible,impoverish“Il”,before/l/:illegal,illogical,illiteracy“Ir”,before/r/:irrelevant,irregular,irremovable“In”,beforeothersounds:informal,insensible,inevitableOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature2)Reversativeorprivative:Thisgroupofprefixescanallbefoundinthepreviousgroup,for“reversative”isaspecialcaseof“negative”.Thisgroupofprefixesisgenerallyusedbeforeverbstoformtheirrelationalantonymswhichdesignatereversativeaction.de-:defrost,deregulate,degenerate,deform,denationalizeun-:unwind,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-:disconnect,disarm,disappear,discloseCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepollute3)Pejorativeprefixes:thisgroupofprefixescanbeusedtoexpressdisapprovalorsuggestthatsomeoneorsomethingisoflittlevalueandimportance.mis-:misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-:maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-:pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friend4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize:hyper-(morethatusual):hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-(extremely,toexcess):ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-(verysmall):minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-(surpassing):outdo,outgrow,outliveover-(toexcess):overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-(toolittle,notenough):underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduate■super-(morepowerfulthatusual):supermarket,superpower,superstar■sub-(lesser):subadult,subtitle,subculture,subatomComputerConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-(togethter):co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-(against):counterexample,counterclaim(反诉),counteract,counterattack,countercultureanti-(against):anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-(infavorof):pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslavery6)Locativeprefixesfore-(placedatthefront):forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-(between):international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-(across):transatlantic,transoceanic,transmit,transplanttele-(distant):telephone,telegram,telecommunication,telescopeViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTransracialForeshore7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-(formerandstillliving):ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-(before;inadvanceoftimeorrank):foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-(before):prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-(after):post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoral8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-:unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor