词汇学.chapter-2

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary2.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyandtheCreators2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment2.3GeneralCharacteristics2.4.ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary2.5.TheLatestDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.WheredoestheEnglishlanguagecomefrom?2.WhatinfluencesdootherlanguagehaveonEnglish?3.WhatisthenewtrendofthedevelopmentofmodernEnglish?4.WhocreatedtheEnglishwords?2.1Geneticrelations(geneticclassification)—theworldhassome5,000languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesinthebasicwordstockandgrammar.Sino-TibetanIndo-EuropeanSemito-HamiticBantuUralicaltaicMalayo-PolynesianIndianTenmostwidelyusedlanguagesa.Chineseb.Englishc.Russiand.Spanishe.Hindif.Japaneseg.Germanh.Arabici.Portuguesej.FrenchTo2.2Sino-TibetanLanguageFamily汉藏语系汉语族壮侗语族苗瑶语族藏缅语族汉语壮泰语支侗水语支黎语支侗语水语壮语泰语老挝语布衣语傣语苗语瑶语藏语支缅甸语支景颇语支彝语支彝语傈僳语Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily印欧语系Indo-EuropeanEastSet东语群WestSet西语群赫特语族吐火罗语族印度—伊朗语族波罗地语族斯拉夫语族(Slavic)阿尔巴尼亚（Albanian)亚美尼亚语（Armenian)梵语（Sanskrit)波斯语（Persian)日尔曼语族(Germanic)希腊语族(Hellenic)凯尔特语族(Celtic)拉丁语族(Latin/Italic)盖尔语（Gaelic)布列塔尼语(Briton)苏格兰语(Scottich)爱尔兰语(Irish)威尔士语(Welsh)FrenchItalianSpanishPortugueseRomanianGermanicLanguageGermanicEastGermanicBranchNorthGermanicBranchWestGermanicBranchGothic(died)SwedishDanishIcelandicNorwegianScandinavianHighGermanLowGermanGermanFlemishDutchEnglishFrisians2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment1.OldEnglish(450—1100/1150)2.MiddleEnglish(1100—1500)3.ModernEnglish(1500—uptothepresent)EnglishasweknowittodayhasbeenthelanguageofEnglandforacomparativelyshortperiod.Sinceitsintroductionintotheislandaboutthemiddleofthefifthcenturyithashadacareerextendingthroughonlyfifteenhundredyears.ThefirstpeopleknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts.In55—54B,C,theRomans,headedbyJuliusCaesartheGreat,invadedtheBritishisles,andweretooccupythelandfromA.D.43untilabout410.Know-ledgeHistoricalEventsbeforeEnglishCameintoBeingIn55—54B.C.theRomans,headedbyJuliusCaesartheGreat,invadedtheBritishIsles.Christianitywasbroughttotheland.ThewithdrawalofRomaninvitedtheinvasionoftherichlowlandsbythePicsandScotsfromthenorth.TheCeltsappealedtoGermanicwarriorsforassistanceindefendingtheirland.TheTeutonicspokenpeopleAngles,Saxons,FrisiansandJutescameingreatnumberandbegantocontroltheland.TheEnglishlanguagecameintobeing.ThreeGroupsofDialectsAnglican(withitstwosubdivisions:NorthumbrianandMercian)mostpartofEnglandandthelowlandofScotlandWessex(southpartofThimesRiver)Kentishdialect(byJutes,kent)TheAnglo-SaxonHeptarchy?EnglishmapFeaturesofOldEnglishOldEnglishhasavocabularyabout50,000to60,000words.MostofthemaremonogeneousandentirelyGermanicManyoftheLatinborrowingswereassociatedwiththechurchCompoundismajorwayinwordbuildingMonogeneousandGermanicEnglishisanInflectedLanguage.Nounshasfivecases:Nominative,Vocative,Accusative,Genitive,Dativegender:hand(M),foot(F),head(N),day(M),night(F)numbers:from1to10relations:father,mother,son,daughterstocks:hound,cow,ox,steer,ewe,oh,feetool:wheel,yoke,axleanimal:wolf,hare,mouse,feather,birdExamplesofTeutonicwords:Examplesforborrowingsass—asellusbishop—episcopuscheese—caseuscook—coquuschurch—cyriacumdish—discuspear—pirumstreet—stratabloomlegcakeraisedriptakeeggwindowfrothey—hihappytheir—hierathem—hemDoverLondonYorkAvonTrendDonangleanthemcherrydevilhymnmartyrplumLatinwords:ScandinavianwordsCelticwordsGreekwordsMiddleEnglish(1066-1500)TheNormanConquest:DanishkingKnut(1016—1042);EdwardtheConfessor;Harold(1066);William,DukeofNormandy;HastingsNorman:amodifiedformofNorthman,kinsfolkofthosescandinavianraidersandconquerors.TheirdepredationshadextendedtotheFrenchcoast.Buttheyhadnotblottedoutthenativeculturethere.Instead,theyhadadoptedthewaysofthenativeFranks,intermarriedwiththem,andhasacceptedtheirlanguageandreligion.TworesultsofNormanConquest:1.Itbroughttoaninsularnationanewandlargercontinentalculture2.ItforcedonEngland“thenationalidea’,aconceptagainstwhichtheSaxonshadlongstruggled.Co-existentperiodNormanFrenchbecamethepolitespeech.Thenativetonguewasadespisedlanguagewhichwaslesttotheuseofboors,serfs,swineherdsandservants.Bytheendof13thcentury,thesenseofEnglishidentityasserteditselfbytheAnglo-Norman.Inthenexthundredyearsorso,withtheseparationofthetwonations,bitbybitEnglishcamebackintoschools,thelawcourtsandgovernment.ItmadethefinalstepbacktoapositionofimportancewhenitemergedonceagainasarespectedliterarymediumwiththeWyclifftranslationoftheBibleandthewritingsofChaucer,Langlandandothers.WhydidMidlandtriumph?1.ThemidlandincludedLondon,whichwasthenthecapitalofEngland,naturallythepolitical,economicalandculturalcenter;2.TwogreatwritersWycliffandChauceremployedtheMidlanddialectintheirwritings;3.Midlandisanintermediatedialect,asitsnameimplies,andintelligibletoNorthernersandSouthernersalike,whereasthesespeakerscouldnotoftenunderstandeachotherusingtheirowndialectsrespectively;4.WhenCaxtonintroducedtheprintingpressin1477,theprinterspatronizedthemidlanddialect,andanyEnglishmanwhowantedtobepublishedhad