词汇学-Chapter-7

Chapter7EnglishDictionaries1.Basicknowledge2.Development3.Types4.Contents5.ChoiceanduseDefinitions•Dictionary——(diction:措词、用词）abookwhichpresentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology.•lexicologist——Linguistswhostudywords.•Lexicographer——Languageexpertwhomakesdictionariesbyusingthefindingsoflexicologists.•Lexicography——thestudyofmakingdictionaries.•glossary(难词小词典)；concordance(重要词语索引)•lexicon(词书)；encyclopeadia(百科全书)Development1:earlyglossariesandwordbooks1.PromptoriumParvulorum:(AStorehouseforYoungBoys),1449,UK,ThefirstEnglish-Latinbilingualdictionarypublished.2.ATablealphabetical,containingandteachingthetruewritingandunderstandingofhard,unusualEnglishwords,borrowedformtheHebrew,Greek,Latinn,orFrench:byRobertCawdrey,Thefirstmonolingual,1604,London,3.TheEnglishDictionary:byHenryCokeram,1623,thefirstdictioanarynamedas“dictionary”withasubtitle“AnInterpreterofHardWords.Development2modern4.AUniversalEtymologicalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:byNathanielBailey,1721theoriginofmodernEnglishDictionary,with950pages,40,000items;arecordofEnglishvocabularywithdefinitionsofbothhardandcommonEnglishwords.5.TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:(1775)bySamuelJohnson——FatherofEnglishDictionariesonthebasisoftheaboveone,2300pages,43,500items.(Authentic)6.OxfordEnglishDictionary:414,825items,18841stvol.2ndedition,20vols.Publishedin1989,OxfordUniversityPress.7.OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentenglish:(OALD),byA.S.Hornby,19401stedition,19894thedition,emphasisontheusageofEnglishwordsfornonnativelearners.Development3modern8.ASchoolDictionary:1788,bySamuelJohnsonJr.,the1stAmericanEnglishdictionary.9.TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:1828,70,000items,byNoahWebster(1758-1843).FromthedeathofNoahWebster,CharlesMerriamboughtitandpublished1stto9thdictionary,Webster’sCollegiateDictioanry;fromthe3rdedition,descriptivismbegantodominate.Development4:corpus-based10.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishDictionary:corpus-baseddictionary,75,000items,100,000examples;foradvancedusers.CollinsCOBUILDEssentialDictioanry:formediumusers.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLearner’sDictionary:fornon-nativelearners.CollinsCOBUILDDictioanryofIfioms:specialCollinsCOBUILDEnglish:forusageCollinsCOBUILDEnglishGuides:forusageCollinsCOBUILDConcordanceSamplers:CollinsCOBUILDVocanularyBuilders:CollinsCOBUILDAdvancedLearner’sEnglishDictionary:(recommended)Development5:E-Dictionaries11.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishCollocationsonCD-ROM:12.OtherE-Dictionaries.TypesofDictionaries1.General-purposedictionary:eg.Webster’sNewCollegiateDictionary;TheConciseOxforddictionary;Chamber’sTwentiethCenturyDictioanry2.Scholarlydictionary:eg.ADictioanryofAmericanEnglishonHistoricalPrinciple3.Specializeddictionary:eg.ADictionaryofEnglishAbbreviations;TheOxfordDictioanryofEnglishEtymology;Webster’sDictionaryofSynonyms;DictionaryofAmericanIdioms4.Learner’sdictionary:TheOxfordSchooldictionary(fornativeusers);OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary(fornon-nativelearners)5.Monolingualdictionary:CambridgeInternationaldictioanryofEnglish6.Bilinugaldictionary:TheEnglish-chineseDictioanary(LuGusun);AModernChineseenglishDictionary(LinYutang)ContentsofDictionary1.Spelling(orthography)2.Pronunciation3.Grammaticalinformation4.Etymology5.Definition:formaldefinition;ostensivedefinition;definitionbyexample;definitionbysynonym;definitionbycontext;operationaldefinition6.Usage:Levelofstandardization;style;currency;locality;field;relatedforms7.Supplementarymatters:affixes;abbreviations,etc.TheChoice&UseofDictionariesDictionariesarelikewatches,theworstisbetterthannone,andthebestcannotbeexpectedtogoquitetrue——JohnsonAdictioanrybeginstogoout-of-datethemomentitispublished,fortheEnglishlanguagedoesnotfreezeuponthedateofpublication,butcontinuestogrowandchange.——prefacetoWebster’sInternationalDictionary,3rdedition.MonolingualorBilingual?Forthemostintermediateandadvancedlearners,itisadvisabletousemoreofamonolinugaldictionary;Theuseofbilingualdictionariesisdiscouraged,butnotforbidden.Disadvangesofbilingualdictionary:1.HabitualuseofabilingualdictionaryisratheraslowwayofenlargingthetargetlanguagevocabularysinceitlimitstheusertoviewingEnglishthroughtheperceptionofhis/hermothertongue,thuslesseningexposure.2.Manybilingualdictionariesgiveonlysingle-wordtranslation,learnersareboundtobemisled.3.Connotationsandmeaningassociationsarenotgiveninmostbilingualdictionaries.ThereisnoequivalentintwolanguagesystemsOtheradvantagesofusingmonolingualdictionaryies1.UsershavetothinkinEnglish2.MeaningshavetobeunderstoodintermsofotherEnglishwords,thusacceleratingtheexpansionthepassivevocabulary3.Manyhigh-frequencyfunctionwordswhicharevirtuallyinaccessibleviaabilingualdictionarymaybegivnappropriatetreatment4.Learnersmaygaininsightsintotheprecisionofdefininganddescribingmeanings,andconstructingexamplessentencesaswellaslearningtocopewithdefinitionswhichatfirstseemunclear.5.Usingmonolinugaldictionariesisonetypeoflanguageexposure,throughwhichmanyotherthingscanbele