词汇学2-词汇学形态学结构

ChapterIIMorphologicalStructureofEnglishwordsOverviewMorphemesWhatisamorpheme?Morphemes,phonemesandsyllablesAllomorphsClassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemes&boundmorphemesRoots&affixesRleationsbetweenthetwoclassificationsNationnational----nation+alnationalize----nation+al+izedenationalize---de+nation+al+izedenationalization---de+nation+al+iz+ationAword,therefore,consistsofoneormoremorphemes.Whatisamorpheme?Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Wordsareformedbymorphemes,awordmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemesOnemorpheme-----------fruitTwomorpheme-----------fruit+fulThreemorpheme-----------un+fruit+fulFourmorpheme-----------un+fruit+ful+nessMorethan4morphemes------un+gentle+man+li+nessMorphemes,phonemes&syllablesphoneme:onlyconveyssounddistinctionk/k/&u/ju:/a/ei/andi/ai/:tame,timemorphemea:usedasanindefinitearticle;atypicalI:designatesthefirstpersonsingularsyllableAmorphememayberepresentedbyonesyllableorbytwoormoresyllables.child,like,put,lady,introduceOftenthesyllabicstructureofawordanditsmorphemicstructuredonotcorrespond.dis·a·gree·a·ble(dis+agree+able)Allomorphs(语[词]素变体，形位变体）Amorphememaytakevariousshapesorforms.Morpheme-sbooks-spigs-zhorses-iz/-tion/-sion/-ation-im/-in/-il/-ir“Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds”(Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage).ClassificationofMorphemesFreemorphemesandboundmorphemesAfreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Man,faith,read,write,redAboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.ly,re,ed,s,esInflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemesRootsandaffixesArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordwhichconveysthefundamentalmeaningoftheword.Freeroots:Morphemesaresaidtobefreeiftheycanstandaloneaswords,suchasblackinblack,blackbird,blackboard.FreerootsprovidetheEnglishlanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords.Boundroots:Theyaresocalledbecausetheyarealwaysboundtosomethingelse.Theycannotexistontheirown.ceive(totake)-receive,perceive,conceive,deceive.tain(tohold)-contain,detain,sustain,orretainAroot,whetheritisfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.revivevitalvitaminvivaciousvividre=again;al=pertainingto;min=amine”(anorganicchemicalcompound)cious=acious(inclinedto;aboundingin)id=havingacertainqualityAknowledgeofrootscanhelponetoanalyzeandunderstandmanywordsalmostonsight.AlthoughtheLatinandGreekrootsareusuallyboundmorphemesandcannotstandalone,itishelpfultorecognizesomeofthecommonones,sincethousandsofEnglishwordsarebuiltonthem.KnowingthemeaningoftheserootscanhelpclarifythemeaningofmanyEnglishwords.AffixesAffixisa“collectivetermfortypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”Affixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Theymaybedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes.Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)（屈折词缀或屈折词素）servestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.doesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.doesnotchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisaffixed.pluralmarker,speltsinchairs,pens;esinboxes,tomatoes;eninoxen;expressedbyachangeofvowelinfeetandbynothinginsheep;genitivecase,’s;theverbalendings,sforthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense;ingforthepresentparticiple;(e)dandthevariousirregularverbformsforthepasttenseandpastparticiple,asinsaid,bought,toldandspent;–erforthecomparative(slow/slower)andthe–estforthesuperlativedegreeDerivationalaffixes(orderivationalmorphemes)（派生词缀或派生词素）Whentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme,they“derive”anewword.re+write,mini+car,super+market,modern+ize,mean+ness,work+erManyderivationalaffixeshaveaspecificlexicalmeaning.-ism:doctrineorpointofview----socialismQuiteanumberofotherderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.Derivationalaffixeshavenotonlyindependentlexicalmeaningbutalsoaffectivemeaning.Derivationalmorphemesorderivationalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.de-:toundowhathasbeendone,toreversetheactionof:decentralize,decodetoremove:debonetoreduce:devalue(esp.ingrammarcomingfromsomethingelse):adeverbalnounaderogatoryshadeofmeaning–ling:hireling,weakling;–ish:mannish,womanishandbookishBothprefixesandsuffixesmaybegroupedaccordingto:Linguisticorigin:Nativeaffixes:thosethatexistedintheOEperiodorwereformedfromOEwordsun-,mis-,be-,out-,over-,-ness,-dom,-hood,-ly,and–er.Foreignaffixes:cameasapartofloanwordsfromLatin,Greek,French,orotherlanguages.ab-(L),bi-(L),dis-(L),re-(L),kilo-(Gk),poly-(Gk),mal-(F),-ic(Gk),-ism(Gk),-ist(Gk),-able(F),-ize(F).Productivity:•Affixes(suchasre-,un-,-able,-ize)arecalledproductiveorlivingwhentheycanbeusedtoformnewwords.•Thosethatarenolongerusedtoformnewwordsaretermeddeadorunproductive.for-:forget,forgiveandforbid;with-:withdraw,withholdandwithstand–antor–ent:servant,different,etc.freerootfreeboundrootinflectionalaffixesprefixess