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.增补(Addition)inaddition另外,furthermore此外,again,also,besides,moreover此外,similarly,finally最后2.比较(Comparison)inthesameway,likewise同样地,similarly,equally,incomparison比较起来,justas同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而,incontrast与此相反,ontheotherhand,instead同样,however然而,nevertheless然而,unlike,eventhough即使,onthecontrary,while4.因果(Causeandeffect)because,becauseof,for,since,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult(of),accordingly,hence,so,thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly,aboveall,indeed,ofcourse,surely,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely,mostimprtant6.让步(Concession)although,though,afterall,inspiteof,nevertheless,still,provided,whileitistrue....7.例证(Exemplification)forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,suchas,inotherwords,inthiscase,bywayofillustration.8.总结(Conclusion)tosumup,toconclude,inaword,inshort,inbrief,allinall,inall,toputitinanutshell,insummary9.推断(Inference)therefore,asaresult(of),consequently,accordingly,so,otherwise10.时间和空间(Timeandspace)afterward,after,first,later,then,soon,outside,near,beyound,above,below,ontheright(left),inthemiddle,opposite,infrontof11.启承转合1)、启Aproverbsays......Atpresent.......Astheproverbsays....Currently.....Generallyspeaking,....Now,....Ingeneral,.....OntheWhole....Itisclearthat....Recently.....Itisoftensaidthat....Withoutdoubt,.......2)、承First(ofall),......Moreover,.........Firstly,............Noonecandenythat....Inthefirstplace,.........Tobeginwith,.........Ofcourse,.........Also,.......Similarly,.........Atthesametime......Therefore,weshouldrealizethat.....Certainly......Thereisnodoubtthat.......Inaddition,.....What`smore,..........Infact........Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat...Meanwhile......3)、转But...Still,......Buttheproblemisnotsosimple...Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto.......However,.......Tooursurprise,..........Nevertheless,........Unfortunately.......Ontheotherhand,.......YetdifferencewillbefoundandthatiswhyIfeelthat........Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIdonot.Ithink.....4)、合Aboveall,Inbrief,........Accordingly,.....Inconclusion,........Allinall,.......Inotherwords,itishardtoescapetheconclusionthat........Asaconsequence,.........Inshort,.........AsIhaveshown/said/stated/....Insum,........Insummary,.......Ashasbeennoted,....Obviously,.........Bysodoing,.....Onthewhole,.....Consequently,........Presumably,.......Eventually,.........Toconclude,......Finally,........Tosumup,.....Inaword,......Tosummarize,......1.individuals,characters替换(people,persons)2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good3。dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有belessimpressive替换eg：Anarmyofcollegestudentsindulgethemselvesinplayinggames,enjoyingromancewithgirls/boysorkillingtimepassivelyintheirdorms.Whenitapproachestograduation,asaresult,theyfindtheiracademicrecordsarelessimpressive.4.(anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,many,ifnotmost)替换many.注：用many,ifnotmost一定要小心，many后一定要有词。eg:Manyindividuals,ifnotmost,harbortheideathat….同理用most,ifnotall,替换most.5.asliceof,quietafew,several替换some6.harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat替换think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)7.affair,business,matter替换thing8.shared替换common9.reaphugefruits替换getmanybenefits)10.formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion11.Increasing(ly),growing替换moreandmore(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.eg：sthhasgainedgrowingpopularity.Sthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.12.littleifanything,或littleornothing替换hardly13.beneficial,rewarding替换helpful,14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,替换customer15.exceedingly,extremely,intensely替换very16.hardlynecessary,hardlyinevitable...替换unnecessary,avoidable17.sthappealstosb,sthexertsatremendousfascinationonsb替换sbtakeinterestin/sb.beinterestedin18.captureone’sattention替换attractone’sattention.19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect20.beindicativeof,besuggestiveof,befearfulof代indicate,suggest,fear21.giveriseto,leadto,resultin,trigger考试大替换cause.22.Thereareseveralreasonsbehindsth替换..reasonsforsth23.desire替换want.24.pourattentioninto替换payattentionto25.bearinmindthat替换remember26.enjoy,possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)27.interaction替换communication28.frownonsth替换beagainst,disagreewithsth29.tonameonlyafew,asanexample替换forexample,forinstance30.nextto/virtuallyimpossible,替换nearly/almostimpossible