The-Paragraph

UnitFourTheParagraphDefinitionQualitiesofaneffectiveparagraphWaysofdevelopingparagraphs1.Whatisaparagraph?Aparagraphisoneormoresentencesthatarelogicallyorganizedtoexpressasingle,completethoughtortopic.2.QualitiesofaneffectiveparagraphUnityCoherenceTransition2.1UnityofaparagraphIfallthesentencesintheparagraphleadtoonecentraltheme,theparagraphisunified.ExampleIhadawonderfulsummer.First,Istartedsleepingineveryday.Iwouldthengoswimmingwithmyfriends.IstayeduplatewatchingTValot,andIwenttocampforaweek.Iwishedmysummerwouldneverend!TopicSentenceAtopicsentencesshouldalwayscontainboth(1)atopicand(2)acontrollingidea.2.2CoherenceofaparagraphThesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder,andthetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.ExampleThereissomefeelingnowadaysthatreadingisnotasnecessaryasitoncewas.Radioandespeciallytelevisionhavetakenovermanyofthefunctionsonceservedbyprint.Admittedly,televisionservessomeofthesefunctionsextremelywell;thevisualcommunicationofnewsevents,forexample,hasenormousimpact.Theabilityofradiotogiveusinformationwhileweareengagedindoingotherthings－forinstance,drivingacar－isremarkable,andagreatsavingoftime.Butitmaybeseriouslyquestionedwhethertheadventofmoderncommunicationsmediahasmuchenhancedourunderstandingofthewholeworldinwhichwelive.2.3TransitionofaparagraphA.UsingparallelstructuresB.RepeatingwordsorwordgroupsC.UsingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentencesD.Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbsE.UsingtransitionalexpressionsTransitionalExpressionsToGiveExamplesToGiveAdditionalInformationToShowHowThingsAreRelatedinSpaceToShowHowThingsAreRelatedinTimeToShowContrastToShowComparisonToShowResultsToShowSummaryToShowLogicalRelationshipIn-classPractice：Practice1Writeatopicsentenceforthefollowingparagraphinthefirstblankandthenfillintheotherthreeblankswithappropriatetransitionalexpressionssothattheparagraphrunssmoothlyandnaturally.（1）.（2）theVostokprojectwasdesignedtotestwhetherornothumanbeingscouldsurviveandfunctioninouterspace.（3）,theVoshkhodprojectwasintendedtofindoutwhetherpeoplecouldworkintheweightlessenvironmentofspace.OneVoshkhodcosmonaut(宇航员)experimentedwithweightlessnessbytakinga“spacewalk.”Thatis,hefloatedinaspacesuitoutsidehisVoshkhodspacecraft,connectedtoitbyatether.ThecosmonauttodothiswasAlexeiLeonov.Severalweekslater,Leonov‘sspacewalkwasfollowedbythatofU.S.astronautEdWhite.（4）,theSoyuzproject,withthreecosmonauts,hadgoalsoftestingspacecraftandspaceflightskillssothatpeoplecouldflylongmissionsinEarthorbit（环地轨道）.EachoftheRussianmannedspaceexplorationprojectshadspecificmajorgoals.Forexample,theVostokprojectwasdesignedtotestwhetherornothumanbeingscouldsurviveandfunctioninouterspace.Foranotherexample,theVoshkhodprojectwasintendedtofindoutwhetherpeoplecouldworkintheweightlessenvironmentofspace.OneVoshkhodcosmonautexperimentedwithweightlessnessbytakingaspacewalk.Thatis,hefloatedinaspacesuitoutsidehisVoshkhodspacecraft,connectedtoitbyatether.ThecosmonauttodothiswasAlexeiLeonov.Severalweekslater,Leonov'sspacewalkwasfollowedbythatofU.S.astronautEdWhite.Finally,theSoyuzproject,withthreecosmonauts,hadgoalsoftestingspacecraftandspaceflightskillssothatpeoplecouldflylongmissionsinEarthorbit.Practice2Isthefollowingparagraphunified?Isitcoherent?Ifnot,trytoimproveit.EachoftheU.S.mannedspaceexplorationprojectshadspecificmajorgoals.TheMercuryprojectwasdesignedtotestwhetherornothumanbeingscouldsurviveandfunctioninouterspace.TheMercuryprojecttestedrocketswiththenewMercuryspacecapsule（太空仓）,whichcouldholdoneperson.TheGeminiprojectwasintendedtofindoutwhethertwopeoplecouldworkintheweightlessenvironmentofspace.Geminiastronautstook“spacewalks.”Theyfloatedoutsidetheirspacecraftinaspacesuit,connectedtoitbyatether.Geminiastronautstriedoutnewflyingskills.Someastronautsflewtwospacecraftextremelyclosetogether;thisprocedurewascalled“rendezvous.”（对接）OnsomeGeminiflights,astronautsphysicallylinkedtwospacecrafttogether.Linking,orspacedocking,wasamajorgoaloftheGeminiprogram.TheApolloproject,withthreeastronauts,wasintendedtotestspacecraftandskillssothatpeoplecouldactuallyflytotheMoonandlandonit.PerformingscientificexperimentsonthelunarsurfaceandcollectingrocksforstudyonEarthweregoals.EachoftheU.S.mannedspaceexplorationprojectshadspecificmajorgoals.Forexample,theMercuryprojectwasdesignedtotestwhetherornothumanbeingscouldsurviveandfunctioninouterspace.Inaddition,theMercuryprojecttestedrocketswiththenewMercuryspacecapsule,whichcouldholdoneperson.Asanotherexample,theGeminiprojectwasintendedtofindoutwhethertwopeoplecouldworkintheweightlessenvironmentofspace.OnewayofdoingthiswasbyhavingGeminiastronautstakespacewalks.Thatis,theyfloatedoutsidetheirspacecraftinaspacesuit,connectedtoitbyatether.Geminiastronautsalsotriedoutnewflyingskills.Forexample,someastronautsflewtwospacecraftextremelyclosetogether;thisprocedurewascalledrendezvous.OnsomeGeminiflights,astronautsphysicallylinkedtwospacecrafttogether.Thislinking,orspacedocking,wasamajorgoaloftheGeminiprogram.Finally,t