unit-1--writing-paragraph

2020/9/21ParagraphWriting2020/9/22BasicSkillsinWritingParagraphsIntroductiontoParagraphsParagraphDevelopingTechniquesQualitiesofaGoodParagraph2020/9/23IntroductiontoParagraphsDefinitionStructure2020/9/24DefinitionAparagraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesdevelopingoneideaorexpressingoneunitofthought(topicofparagraph).Itisthebasicunitoforganizationinwriting.2020/9/25StructureTopicSentenceSupportingSentencesConcludingSentence2020/9/26TextbookP1-2Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrous有光泽的beautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coinsandornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedonian马其顿的coinremainsasuntarnished未失去光泽的todayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold–platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeauty,butalsoforitsutility.2020/9/27TopicSentenceDefinitionandFunctionPositionWritingaGoodTopicSentence2020/9/28DefinitionandFunction-1Atopicsentencestatesthemainideaofaparagraph.Itnotonlynamesthetopic(who,what)oftheparagraph,butalsolimitsthetopictooneortwoareasthatcanbediscussedcompletelyinthespaceofasingleparagraph.Thespecificareaiscalledthecontrollingidea.2020/9/29DefinitionandFunction-2Thecontrollingideaisusuallyindicatedbyasinglewordoraphraseinthetopicsentence.Acontrollingideahelpsawriterbyremindinghimorheratalltimestokeeptothecentralideaasheorshewritesaparagraph.e.g.2020/9/210Example-1Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Topic:goldControllingidea:twoimportantcharacteristics2020/9/211Inthesupportingsentences,twocharacteristicsareintroduced.Firstofall,goldhasalustrous有光泽的beautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.2020/9/212Example-2Therearefourseasonsinayear.Topic:SeasonsControllingideas:fourkindsofseasons2020/9/213Example-3Industrializationhasbroughtusmanybenefitsaswellasenvironmentaltragedies.Topic:IndustrializationControllingideas:benefitsaswellasenvironmentaltragedies2020/9/214Example-4Thestudentsintheclasscomefrommanydifferentpartsoftheworld.Topic:ThestudentsintheclassControllingideas:frommanydifferentpartsoftheworld.2020/9/215PositionofaTopicSentencea)Atthebeginningofaparagraphb)Attheendofaparagraphc)Inthemiddleofaparagraphd)Atboththebeginningandtheendofaparagraphe)Sometimesitcanbeimplied2020/9/216AtthebeginningofaparagraphAmericansmakenodistinctioningreetingfriends,acquaintances,elders,orsuperiors.WhenAmericansseeclosefriends,casualacquaintances,teachers,orevensomeonetheyknowonlybysight,theyarelikelytosay“Hi”inallcases.Thisdoesnotmeanthattheyhavenomoreregardforfriendsthanforcasualacquaintances.Itonlymeansthat“Hi”servesasagreetingforboth.2020/9/217AttheendofaparagraphBecauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday,itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying.Atschool,lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorning’swork.Whileeating,IcanplanwhatI’mgoingtodointheafternoon.Andbesidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday,lunchisalwaysagoodmeal.Infacteatinglunchisoneofmyfavoritepastimes.2020/9/218InthemiddleofaparagraphCaliforniansandnewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility—bothphysicalandpsychological—hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.2020/9/219AtboththebeginningandtheendofaparagraphThehowofreadinganewspaperinAmericaisdifferentfromthatofreadinganewspaperinatotalitarian（极权主义的）country.Inademocracy,firstofall,youcancheckonenewspaperagainstanother;youcancompareanaccountinyournewspaperagainstwhatyouhearontheradio.Youcanconsultbookstodeterminewhetherareportisaccurate.Inatotalitariannationallinformationcomesfromonesource－thegovernment.2020/9/220TheimpliedtopicsentenceOfthosewhodropoutofcollege,someleaveforfinancialreasons,andthisisoftentragicbecausethesepeopleinmanycasesdowellincollegebeforetheyhavetoleave.Someleavebecauseofpoorhealth.Afewaredrafted.Manyleaveforpersonalreasons－marriage,familymix-upsorjusttherealizationthatcollegeisnottheplaceforthem.Theimpliedtopicsentenceis:“Studentsleavecollegeforanumberofreasons.”2020/9/221ExerciseUnderlinethetopicsentences,oraddonetotheparagraph(ifatopicsentencedoesnotappearbutisimplied.)2020/9/2221.AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect.2020/9/2231.AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.S