英语修辞学(Rhetoric)

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英语修辞学(Rhetoric)EnglishFiguresofSpeech英语修辞的一般规律与特点GeneralprinciplesandfeaturesofEnglishrhetoric1.关系词丰富,介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用,使英语成为一种更为形式的语言,即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?Thisisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。2.英语名词用得多,汉语动词用得多。因此,从总体修辞效果上看,英语呈静态,汉语呈动态。Ifellmadlyinlovewithher,andshe–withme.我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我。Awomanwithfairopportunities,andwithoutanabsolutehumpmaymarrywhomshelikes.一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害,机会好的话,想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears,becauseofitsapplicabilitytomanyfieldsofscienceanditsadaptabilitytopracticaluses.激光可以应用于许多科学领域,又适合于各种实际用途,因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。3.英语有“物称倾向”,即主语往往是表示无生命物体的名词或表示事物的名词词组。汉语则有明显的“人称倾向”,即句子的主语往往是人或有生命的东西。MyheartwentouttotheoldwarriorasspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrow’shand.观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时,我很同情这位久经沙场的老将。Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。Thesightofhisnativeplacecalledbackhischildhood.见到自己的故乡,他想起了童年的情景。Theoldman’sdeathwascalmandpeaceful.(那位)老人死得很安详。4.英语被动句用得多,汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语的“物称倾向”。AnillustrationisfurnishedbyaneditorialintheWashingtonPost(January17,1962).《华盛顿邮报》(1962年1月17日)的一篇社论提供了一个例子。Ithasbeenknownforalongtimethatthereisafirstrelationshipbetweentheheartandliver.长期以来,大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。ThechallengefromtheThirdWorldhasalwaysbeenforeseenbyourshippingcompanies.我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。5.英语多用长句和复合句。WiththegainingofourpoliticalfreedomyouwillrememberthattherecameaconflictbetweenthepointofviewofAlexanderHamilton,sincerelybelievinginthesuperiorityofgovernmentbyasmallgroupofpublic-spiritedandusuallywealthycitizens,and,ontheotherhand,thepointofviewofThomasJefferson,andadvocateofgovernmentbyrepresentativeschosenbyallthepeople,andadvocateoftheuniversalrightoffreethoughtandfreepersonallivingandfreereligionandfreeexpressionofopinionand,aboveall,therightoffreeuniversalsuffrage.想必你们还记得,在我们获得政治自由之后,亚历山大·汉密尔顿和托马斯·杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且往往有钱的公民掌管的政府的优越性坚信不疑。杰弗逊则主张政府必须由全民选出的代表掌管。他还主张公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言论自由的权利,特别是享有普选权利。6.英语大量使用抽象名词,这类名词涵义概括,指称笼统,覆盖面广,往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的魅力,因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。Thesignsofthetimespointtothenecessityofthemodificationofthesystemofadministration.管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。Noyearpassesnowwithoutevidenceofthetruthofthestatementthattheworkofgovernmentisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了,每年都证明确实如此。WhatisRhetoric?WhyDoWeLearnRhetoric?Tounderstandtheauthor’sintentionbetter.Tofindoutthecommonwayspeopleknowtheworldandwayspeopleexpressthemselves.Toappreciatethebeauty,explicitornot,ofthelanguage.Tolearnhowtoachieveaneffectivecommunication.DivisionofRhetoricCommunicativeRhetoric交际修辞(NegativeRhetoric消极修辞)--Toaddtopeople’sknowledge;accurate,plain;AestheticRhetoric美学修辞(PositiveRhetoric积极修辞)--Togetpeopleaffected,ormoved;vivid,brilliant,colorful.一、语义修辞1明喻(simile)俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。1.Thesnowwaslikeawhiteblanketdrawnoverthefield.2.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as)...as,like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledgingword),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手。1.Simile(明喻)拉丁语similis(like)1.threeparts:subject(主体)reference(喻体)indicatorofresemblance(比喻词)Myloveislikearedredrose.2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。JohnisastallasaMaypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)五朔节欧洲传统民间节日。用以祭祀树神、谷物神、庆祝农业收获及春天的来临。历史悠久,最早起源于古代东方,后传至欧洲。每年5月1日举行。五朔节前夕,在英国、法国、瑞典的一些地区,人们通常会在家门前插上一根青树枝或栽一棵幼树,并用花冠、花束装饰起来。少女们手持树枝花环,挨家挨户去唱五朔节赞歌,祝福主人。在一些农村,每年5月1日凌晨,青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌,结伴去树林砍树枝,待太阳出来后返回,将树枝插在门窗上。Whatissimile?E.g.Thesnowwaslikeawhiteblankdrawnoverthefield.Thestructure:Thesignified,thesimilemarker,andthesignifier本体,比喻词,喻体Thethreeusesofsimiles:Descriptive描述型明喻;Illuminative启示型明喻;Illustrative说明型明喻;;Descriptive描述型Herlipswerered,herlockswereyellowasgold.Poplookedsounhappy,almostlikeachildwho’slosthispieceofcandy.Thebigblackflieshituslikebombs.Illustrative说明型E.g.Whatistennis?Tennisislikeapingponggamescaleduptoasizablecourt.Itsfunctionistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorthingsunfamiliartoyouinsimple,concreteideas,orthingsfamiliartoyou.Illuminative启发型E.g.Whathappenedtoadreamdeferred(postponed)?Likearaisin(葡萄干)inthesun?Orfester(化脓)likeasore?Doesitstinklikearottenmeat?Itsfunctionistogivedeeperinsightintopersonsorthings.Comparethefollowingsentences:JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.Arealfriendislikeamirrorthatcanhelpyouseeanydirtonyourface.Lifewaslikeajourneyfullofpitfalls.--(Thefirsttwosentencesarenotcasesofsimile.)Simileisacomparisonbetweentwounlikethingsacrossdomains(跨领域).Likeandas型Marriageislikeabeleagueredfortress;thosewhoarewithoutwanttogetin,andthosewithinwantgogetout.婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒;外面的想要进去,里面的人想要出来。Lovegoestowardslove,asschoolboysfromtheirbooks;Butlovefromlove,towardsschoolwithheavylooks.(Shakespeare)赴情人的约会,象学童抛开书一样,和情人分别,象学童板着脸上学堂。虚拟句型和what型ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itistomeasifIhadgainedanewfriend.我头一回读到一本好书,对我来说好象交到一位新朋友。Judiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.(Bovee)明智的表扬对于孩子的作用,就象阳光对于花朵的作用。ThanandAnd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