Chapter-9-Rules-of-subsidies-and-countervailing-me

Chapter9Rulesofsubsidiesandcountervailingmeasures反补贴措施XingYaoInternationalBusinessSchoolContentIntroductionDefinitionandclassificationofsubsidiesRemedies救济方法onsubsidyCountervailingmeasuresCase1.IntroductionSubsidies,aregovernmentmeasures,havetwo-sidedeffects.Ontheonehand,subsidiescanpromoteeconomicdevelopment,ontheotherhand,subsidieswoulddistort扭曲theresourcesallocationandmakeproductiondeviatefrom偏离themarketprincipleswhichleadstounfaircompetition.Fromtheperspective观点ofinternationaltrade,subsidiesmaycauseunfaircompetitionbetweenimportedgoodsanddomesticproducedgoods.Subsidiesmaybethebehavioroftheexportedcountry,aswellasimportedcountries.Thereisacloserelationshipbetweensubsidiesandtheeconomicdevelopmentpolices,therefore,wecouldnotbelievethatallofthesubsidiesisstrictlyforbidden.Agreementonsubsidiesandcountervailingmeasuresisaimatadjustingthesubsidiesandcountervailingbehaviors.ThisagreementwithArticle6,Article16ofGATTtogetherconstitutetheSubsidiesandCountervailingrulesofWTO.Questionwhat’sthedifferencesbetweensubsidyanddumping?2.DefinitionandclassificationofsubsidiesForthepurposeofthisAgreement,asubsidyshallbedeemedtoexistif:(a)thereisafinancialcontributionbyagovernmentoranypublicbodywithintheterritoryofaMember;orthereisanyformofincomeorpricesupportinthesenseofArticleXVIofGATT1994;(b)abenefitistherebyconferred授予.(1)Thescopeofsubsidy(i)agovernmentpracticeinvolvesadirecttransferoffunds(e.g.grants,loans,andequityinfusion),potentialdirecttransfersoffundsorliabilities(e.g.loanguarantees);(ii)governmentrevenue税收thatisotherwisedueisforegoneornotcollected(e.g.fiscalincentivessuchastaxcredits税收减免);Thescopeofsubsidy(iii)agovernmentprovidesgoodsorservicesotherthangeneralinfrastructure基础设施,orpurchasesgoods;(iv)agovernmentmakespayments支付toafundingmechanism,orentrusts委托ordirects指挥aprivatebodytocarryoutoneormoreofthetypeoffunctionsillustratedin(i)to(iii)abovewhichwouldnormallybevestedin名下thegovernmentandthepractice,innorealsense,differsfrompracticesnormallyfollowedbygovernments;QuestionTheexemptionofanexportedproductfromdutiesortaxesborne税金bythelikeproductwhendestinedfordomesticconsumption,ortheremission减免ofsuchdutiesortaxesinamountsnotinexcessof超过thosewhichhaveaccrued累积的,doyouthinkthismeasurementisasubsidy?Whetherameasureconstitutesasubsidydependsontwoessentialfactors:Government'sfinancialsupport;Thefundingproducesinterests.Government'sfinancialsupportFirstly,thesupportisrelatedtogovernmentorpublicinstitutions.Secondly,thefinancialsupporthasmanyforms.Thirdly,thegovernmentsubsidyisnotconditionalon有条件的theexpenditure支出incurredbytheGovernment.ThefundingproducesinterestsItdoesnotconstitutesubsidythatfinancialsupporthavenobenefits.Therefore,benefitsaretheessentialconditionforthefundsconstitutingasubsidy.Interests,orbenefits,generallyareunderstoodthatadvantagesenjoyedbyfundingrecipientsrelativetothosewhodonotreceivesubsidies.theU.S.takescountervailingmeasuresagainsttheleadexportsofBritishTheoriginalenterprise,whoproducesleadsandexportstotheU.S.,isstate-ownedenterprises.However,thisenterpriseexperiencesseveralownershiprestructuring.Abuyerpurchasessomepartsofthebusinessinthemarketprice.TheU.S.,onthegrounds根据thattheoriginalsubsidyexistsonthenewbuyer,stillimposescountervailingdutiesonleadsfromthenewbuyer.Isthisreasonable?Why?DSUrulesthattheoriginalsubsidydoesnotproducebenefitsfornewbuyers,asitispaidwiththefullmarketprice.Thecriterion标准ofinterestisnottheproductsorproduction,butthebeneficiaries受益人.(2)SpecificsubsidySuchsubsidyexplicitly明确的limitingaccesstoasubsidytocertainenterpriseorindustryorgroupofenterprisesorindustriesshallbespecific.Thespecificsubsidyhasthreetypes:enterprisespecificsubsidy,industryspecificsubsidy,regionspecificsubsidyandprohibited禁止性subsidy.SCMisonlyboundingthesubsidywhichhasspecificity.(2)SpecificsubsidyIfadoptingobjectivecriteriaorconditionsgoverningtheeligibility（资格）for,andtheamountof,asubsidy,specificityshallnotexist,providedthattheeligibility合格isautomaticandthatsuchcriteriaandconditionsarestrictlyadheredto.(2)SpecificsubsidyThespecificitymaybealsoestablishedbyconsideringsuchfactorsasfollowing:useofasubsidyprogrammebyalimitednumberofcertainenterprises,predominantuse主要用途bycertainenterprises,thegrantingofdisproportionately不成比例的largeamountsofsubsidytocertainenterprises,andthemannerinwhichdiscretion灵活性hasbeenexercisedbythegrantingauthorityinthedecisiontograntasubsidy.QuestionArethesubsidiesprovidedtostate-ownedenterprisesviewedasspecificinChina?(3)ClassificationofsubsidiesThesubsidies,accordingtoSCM,aredividedintothreetypes:prohibitedsubsidies,actionablesubsidies可诉补贴andnon-actionablesubsidies.(1)ProhibitedsubsidiesExceptasprovidedintheAgreementonAgriculture,thefollowingsubsidiesshallbeprohibited:(a)subsidiescontingent可能发生的,inlaworinfact,whethersolelyorasoneofseveralotherconditions,uponexportperformance;(b)subsidiescontingent,whethersolelyorasoneofseveralotherconditions,upontheuseofdomesticoverimportedgoods.(2)Non-Actionablesubsidies①subsidieswhicharenotspecificwithinthemeani