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Lecture6Determiners(I)Whataredeterminers?Wordsthatprecedeanypremodifyingadjectivesinanounphraseandwhichdenotesuchreferentialmeanings(所指意义)asspecificreference(特指),genericreference(类指),definitequantity(确定数量)orindefinitequantity(非确定数量)arereferredtoasdeterminers.Whatdodeterminersinclude?Articles:DefiniteArticlethe,IndefiniteArticlesa,an,ZeroArticle;PossessiveDeterminers:my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its;Genitivenouns:John’s,myfriend’s,etc.;Demonstrativedeterminers:this,that,these,those,such;Relativedeterminers:whose,which;Interrogativedeterminers:what,which,whose;Indefinitedeterminers:no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another;RelatedtoPronounCardinalnumerals:one,two,three,etc.;Ordinalnumerals:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,etc.;Fractionalnumerals:two-thirds,etc.;Multiplicativenumerals:twice,etc.;Quantifiers:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamount/quantityof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,etc.;NumeralsTheheadofanounphraselimitsthechoiceofdeterminers,andwhenmorethanonedetermineroccursinthenounphrase,thereistheproblemofwordorderbetweendeterminers.6.1CollocationsbetweendeterminersandnounsThreeclassesofnounssingularcountnounspluralcountnounsNon-countnouns①DeterminerswithallthreeclassesofnounsSuchdeterminerssuchaspossessivedeterminers,genitivenounsandthedefinitearticleaswellassome,any,no,theother,andwhosecangowithallthethreeclassesofnouns.Nostudentistoleavetheclassroom.Nowordscanexpressmygrief.Ihavenotimetowritetoyou.Andwhosesideareyouon?Itisstillunclearwhosehouseswereburntlastnight.Heisawriterwhosehumorisnotwithoutsubstance.②DeterminerswithsingularcountnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasa(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,suchacanonlycollocatewithsingularcountnouns.Itshouldbecompulsoryreadingforeveryadult.Neitheraccusationistrue.Heisgoingtobuyanothercar.③DeterminerswithpluralcountnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasboth,two,three,etc.,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberofcanonlycollocatewithpluralcountnouns.TherearefewthingsIenjoymorethanwatchingfishswimminginthestream.Theyhaveinvitedmeseveraltimestotheirhome.Inanothertwoweeks,itwillbefinished.④Determinerswithnon-countnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasa(little)bitof,agreatamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much,less,leastcanonlycollocatewithnon-countnouns.Thereislittledoubtthatheandhisaccomplicesareguilty.TheSquarewasthesceneofmuchfightinginlastyear’srevolution.IcanspeakabitofFrenchandunderstandmore.⑤DeterminerswithsingularandpluralcountnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasthefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenextcangowitheithersingularorpluralcountnouns.Myfirstreactionwastohithim,buthewasold,andmysecondwastoresign.Thenextthingheheardwasaninsistentknockingonthedoorofhisroom.ThelastthreeshipmentsofgrainforWestAfricahaven’tyetarrived.⑥Determinerswithsingularandnon-countnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasthis,thatcancollocatewitheithersingularornon-countnouns.Whoeverhadcomewiththisideadeservedamedal.Myfamilyhavelivedinthatvillageformanygenerations.Ihopetoenjoythatfeelingagainbeforelong.⑦Determinerswithpluralandnon-countnounsonlyDeterminerssuchasalotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,most,such,othercangowithpluralandnon-countnouns,butnotwithsingularnouns.Arethereenoughcakesforeveryone?Theydidn’thaveenoughinformationabouttheincident.Likeallsuchstories,thatislargelyamyth.Suchoptimismhasbecomestrangelyoutofplace.P63Ex.6A6.2CollocationsbetweendeterminersDeterminersfallintothreesubclasses:PredeterminersCentraldeterminersPostdeterminersArticlesa,an,the;Demonstrativedeterminersthis,that,these,those;Possessivedeterminersmy,your,etc.;GenitivenounsMary’s,myfriend’s;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;what(ever),whose,etc.Notethatcentraldeterminersaremutuallyexclusiveandthatnotwomembersoftheabove-citeditemseveroccurtogetherinanounphrase.Exception:David’s/Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.Theenemy’s/TheireverymovementwasbeingcloselywatchedbythePLAmen.Predeterminersarethosethatprecedecentraldeterminers.Predeterminersarealsomutuallyexclusive.Theyinclude:all,both,half,double,twice,threetimes,etc.;one-third,two-fifths,etc.;what,such(a/an),etc.Postdeterminersrefertothosethatfollowcentralorpredeterminers.Theyarenotmutuallyexclusive.Twoormoresuchitemscanco-occurinanounphrase.Thissubclassincludes:Cardinalnumerals,Ordinalnumerals,next,last,other,another,etc.;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such.Wordorderofthreesubclassesofdeterminers:predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminerallthefourteachers(pre-+central+post-)allyourthreebooks(pre-+central+post-)alltheselastfewdays(pre-+central+post-+post-)bothhistwosisters(pre-+central+post-)predeterminer+centraldeterminerhalfhislecture;bothhisparents;allthetourists;suchamisfortunecentraldeterminer+postdeterminersthoselastfewmonths;somesuchalloy;theauthor’slastbooks;hislastfewwordspostdeterminer+postdeterminerseveralhundredguests;threeothergirl