山东师范大学美国文学安德森Chapter-16-Anderson-sein-Lewis-Cather

舍伍德·安德森SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)HisLifeborninCamden,Ohio,thethirdofsevenchildrenofErwinM.andEmmaS.Anderson.AfterErwin'sbusinessfailed,thefamilywasforcedtomovefrequently,finallysettlingdownatClyde,Ohio,in1884.Partlyasaresultofthesemisfortunes,youngSherwoodfoundvariousoddjobstohelphisfamily,whichearnedhimthenicknameJobby.Heleftschoolatage14.movedtoChicagonearhisbrotherKarl'shomeandworkedasamanuallaboreruntilneartheturnofthecentury.enlistedintheUnitedStatesArmy.HewascalledupbutdidnotseeactioninCubaduringtheSpanish-AmericanWar.Afterthewar,in1900,heenrolledatWittenbergUniversityinSpringfield,Ohio.securedajobasacopywriterinChicagoandbecamemoresuccessful,presidentoftheAndersonManufacturingCo.InNovember1912sufferedamentalbreakdownanddisappearedforfourdays.wasfoundwanderingaroundinnearbycornfields.Soonafter,helefthiswifeandthreesmallchildrentopursuethewriter'slifeofcreativity.Andersondescribedtheentireepisodeasescapingfromhismaterialisticexistence,whichgarneredpraisefrommanyyoungwriters,whousedhiscourageasanexample.WritingIn1916firstnovelpublishedGainedwiderecognitionwiththepublicationin1919ofWinesburgOhioInthe1930s,begantowriteaboutlaborconditionsintheSouthdiedofperitonitisinColon,Panama,onMarch8,1941.DeathhisepitaphinMarion’sRoundHillCemeteryproclaims,ashedirected,that“Life,NotDeath,IstheGreatAdventure.”WilliamFaulknercalledhim“thefatherofourgeneration”ThomasWolfe:SherwoodAndersonwastheonlymaninAmericawhoevertaughtmesomething.MajorWorksWindyMcPherson’sSon《饶舌的麦克佛逊的儿子》1916Winesburg,Ohio《小城畸人》1919SherwoodAnderson'sMemoirs1942.ReadingWinesburg,OhioAshortstorysequenceAbookofthegrotesquesPsychologicalandemotionalaspectofAmericansmall-townlifeinthetransitionalperiodfromtheruraltoanindustrialsociety.Lower-classfigures,depraved,unsuccessful,inarticulateAlienation,loneliness,andwantofloveandunderstandingmadelifeintolerableandturnedpeopleinto“grotesque”.Anostalgicglancebackwardatapastoralgoldenage.StyleHighlyoriginal;thefirstwritersinceMarkTwaintowriteinthecolloquialstyle.Regardedthevernacularasanhonestmediumanddevelopedastyleofclarity,directnessandadeceptivesimplicity.Writenotthroughcarefulfabricationofincidentsorepisodes,butbythesheeremotionalforceofthemomentsofrevelationortheJoyceanepiphany.ObservedhumangrotesquenessandeccentricityfromaFreudianpsychologicalpointofviewandtriedtorevealtheabnormalstatesofmindinamoreorlessaccurateway.Evaluationaseminalfigure,called“awriter’swriter”,towhom,Hemingway,Faulkner,HartCrane,ThomasWolfeandJohnSteinbeck,tonameafew,owedadebtto.Notreadmuchtoday;worksareuneveninquality;chieflyrememberedastheauthorofWinesburg,Ohio,whichremainsanAmericanclassicandentitleshimtoameasureofimmortality.格特鲁德·斯泰因GertrudeStein(1874-1946)MajorWorksover50booksThreeLives《三人行》1909FourSaintsinThreeActs《三幕剧里的四仙人》1934TheMakingofAmericans《美国人的成长》1925HowtoWrite《写作指南》1931TheAutobiographyofAliceB.Toklas《爱丽丝·B·托克拉斯的自传》1933Evaluationsensitivetothetemperofhertimeanditssubtletiesofchangehelpedusherinthenew,modernperiod“PatronSaintofParisArt”巴黎艺术的惠顾人literarytheoryandpractice(HowtoWrite)Stylestress“thevalueoftheindividualword”repetitionsofwordssometimesnoteasytounderstand(obscurelanguageandabstraction;unconventionalwordorderandcoherence)辛克莱·刘易斯SinclairLewis(1885-1951)TheFirstAmericanauthortowintheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1930“TheWorstImportantWriterinAmericanLiterature”MajorWorksMainStreet《大街》1920Babbit《巴比特》1922Arrowsmith《阿罗史密斯》1925Dodsworth《德茨华兹》1929CharacteristicsofSinclairLewisLewiswassociologicalwriter.HisnovelsformasegmentofAmericansocialhistory.Heneverwrotebeforeheacquaintedhimselfthoroughlywithhismaterial.Intheme,hisaffirmationofwhatheregardedasthebestmiddle-classvirtuesmadehimappearratherold-fashioned.Instyle,apartfromthefactthathisnovelssprawlandwantorderandart,hewasaccurateinexternaldescriptionbutlackinginpsychologicalexploration.Theworstofthegreatwritersofthe1920s威拉·凯瑟WillaCather(1873-1947)WorksAmericannovelistnotedforherbooksaboutimmigrantsstrugglingtomakealivingintheMidwestduringthelate1800s.Shewrote12novels.OPioneers!《啊，拓荒者！》1913TheSongoftheLark《百灵鸟之歌》1915MyAntonia《我的安东妮娅》1918OneofOurs(PulitzerPrize)《我们自己人》1922ALostLady《迷途的女人》1923TheProfessor’sHouse《教授的房子》1925DeathComesfortheArchbishop《大主教之死》1927ShadowsontheRock《磐石上的阴影》1931TheWriterandHerWorksWillaCatherhungontothetraditionalvaluesandneverwasabletocometotermswithmodernity.Oneofthefew“uneasysurvivorsofthenineteenthcentury.”Shelivedinbetweenthetwoworlds,rejectingthemodernandtryingtoescapeintotherefugeofthepast.Contrastbetweenthewestandtheeast:Thefrontierruralcommunityisalwaysmorallyhigherwhereasthetowniseffeteandcorrupting.TheWriterandHerWorks(2)Herworkspresentedadeep-seatedabhorrenceforthemodernpresentwithallitsamenitiesandcontrivances.InherlaterfictionWillaCatherwithdrawsintotheidealhistoricalpast.Atraditionalisttotheend,shemanagedtoclingtoheridealandleftaninspiringliteraryrecordofathinkingmind’sresponsetomodernlife.InherworksCathercreatedstrongfemalecharacters,whohadthecourageandvisiontofaceallobstacl