Unit5西方文化导论

U5_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusInGetStarted_1.1GetStartedGetStarted_1.2GetStartedAfterthelastRomanemperorwasdethronedbytheGermanmercenarytroopsinthe5thcentury,EuropeenteredtheMiddleAges,whichlastedabout1000yearsorsoandwasdominatedbyGermanicpeoplewhomtheRomanshadcalled“thesavage”.Consequently,theintellectualdevelopmentoftheEuropeancivilizationwasretardedorevenregressedtosomeextentbecauseoftheseso-calledDarkAges.ItwasalsoaperiodofsomenegativeandrepressiveinfluencefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.Thisperiodwascharacterizedbyfrequenteconomicandpoliticalcrisesandgreatlyaffectedbydeep-seatedsocialcontradictionsandconflicts,whichwerefirstdemonstratedinthedistressanddisastersoftheordinarypeopleandtheninthefrequentlyoccurringrevoltsandclashesarisingfromthecrueltyoftyrannicalrulersandtheirunrestraineddemandsformorepowerandterritory.GetStarted_1.3GetStartedHowever,theintellectualdeclineandretardedsocialdevelopmentoftheMiddleAgesalsobroughtforwardsomenotablepersonalties,eventsandachievementsinculturalandsocialaffairs.Theymadeupforalongandtortuousintervalbeforethedawnofthemodernage,whichwasmarkedbythearrivaloftheRenaissanceinthe14th-15thcenturies.GetStarted_2.1GetStarted•TogetabriefviewofthehistoryoftheperiodoftheMiddleAges•TogettoknowtheformationanddevelopmentofGermancultureandByzantineculture•TobefamiliarwithMedievalsocialideologyandliteraryandartisticachievements•TounderstandthesignificanceandspecialfeaturesofMedievalcultureandpoliticsTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheSettingoftheMiddleAgesII.TheFormationandDevelopmentofGermanCultureIII.ByzantineCultureIV.MedievalSocialIdeologyV.LiteratureandArtVI.TheSignificanceandSpecialFeaturesofMedievalCultureandPoliticsTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheMiddleAges:aperiodinEuropeanhistoryfromthecollapseoftheRomanCivilizationinthe5thcenturyADtotheperiodoftheRenaissanceinthe14thcenturyTextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFormationstages:•AttheendoftheRomanEmpire,somebarbaroustribesincludingCelts,GermansandSlavswereformed.•Attheendofthe1stcenturyAD,theGermanswerestillinaprimitivesociety.•Fromtheendofthe1stcenturytothe3rdcentury,Germansintroducedclassdivision,anduntiedtheirtribesintoalliancesandoftenharassedandstagedattacksontheRomanborders.LatertheymovedintoRomanterritorytilltheendofthe6thcentury.•AnumberofsmallkingdomswereestablishedinRomanterritories.TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas•WiththeoverthrowoftheWesternRomanEmpire,aseriesofkingdomsweresetup.Amongthesekingdoms,thelargestwastheonefoundedin481ADbyCloviswhoconqueredGaulandinitiatedacooperativelylargenationcalledtheMerovingianDynasty.GraduallyitbecamethemostpowerfulGermankingdom.•In752,TheMerovingianDynastywastoppledandtheCarolingianDynastyfounded.•In800,LeoIIIendowedthecrownwiththetitleofHolyRomanEmperortoCharlemagne,andtheFrankKingdombecametheCharlemagneEmpire.TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas•DuringthereignofCharlemagnetheGreat,theconflictbetweenthefeudalistplantationownersandserfsdeepened.Andsocialdisintegrationoccurredaftertheexpansionoftheempire,especiallyafterthedeathofCharlemagne.AcivilwartookplaceamongthreegrandsonsofCharlemagnefrom817to843.TheyconcludedthecivilwarbysigningtheTreatyofVerdunanddividedtheempireintothreeparts:theEasternFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoGermany),theWestFrankKingdom(laterdevelopedintoFrance),andMiddleKingdom(latermadeupofItaly).TheborderlineofthethreemodernEuropeancountrieswerebeginningtotakeshape.TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomanCatholicChurch罗马天主教:thepartoftheChristianChurchwhichacceptstheauthorityofPope,indistinctiontotheOrthodoxEasternChurchseparatedfromitin1054andtotheProtestantChurchwhichbrokeawayinthe16thcenturyTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsserfdom奴隶制:asocialsystemofproductioninwhichlabourersareboundtoworkforanestate,ratherthanbeingownedbythelordofthatestateandcouldchoosetoworkelsewherethoughfewwoulddosoinrealityTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTacitus,PubliusCornelius(55–120AD)塔西佗:ARomanhistorian.HisworksincludeDialogueonOrator,Germaniaandtwofragmentsoflongerworks:HistoriesandAnnals.Hisstyleisextremelyterseandpolished,whichearnedhimmuchreputationinthelatergenerations.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsCelt凯尔特人:OneoftheancientpeoplesinEurope,originatedinthesouthwestofGermanyandthenspreadtothenorthofSpainandtheBritishisles.LaterontheywereconqueredandabsorbedbyRomansandbarbarians.SomeofitsdescendentsandculturewerestillfoundinBritain,Ireland,SpainandFrance.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsAttila阿提拉:kingofHuns,famousforhisbraveryandmilitancy,whichallowedhimtooverrunmuchoftheByzantineandWesternRomanempiresandwonmanyvictoriesuntilhediedofillnessbeforehisempirecollapsedTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationo