英语演讲课件11

Lecture1SpeechCommunicationProcess;EthicsinPublicSpeaking;YourFirstSpeech…PublicSpeakingandCriticalThinkingWhatiscriticalthinking?---Focused,organizedthinkingaboutsuchthingsasthelogicalrelationshipsamongideas,thesoundnessofevidence,andthedifferencesbetweenfactandopinion;Criticalthinkingis…---amatteroflogic---ofbeingabletospotweaknessesinotherpeople’sargumentsandtoavoidtheminyourown.TheSpeechCommunicationProcess:sevenelementsspeaker,message,channel,listener,feedback,interference,situationSpeaker:1.Personalcredibility,2.Knowledgeofthesubject,3.Preparationofthespeech,4.Mannerofspeaking,5.SensitivitytotheaudienceandtheoccasionButfirstofall:saysomethingthatsparksyourownenthusiasm.Message:1.narrowdownyourtopic;2.doresearchandchoosesupportingdetails;3.organizeyourideasforlistenerstofollow;4.expressyourmessageinaccurateandappropriatewords;5.toneofvoice,appearance,gestures,facialexpressionandeyecontact;Channel:themostdirectchannel:yourlistenerswillseeyouandhearyouwithoutanyelectronicinterventionListener:1.donotassumethatlistenerswillbeinterested;2.understandtheirpointofviewandgettheminvolved;3.avoidtoobasic/sophisticatedmessage;4.relatetotheirexperience,interests,knowledgeandvalues.Feedback:verbalornon-verbalPosture;Reaction;Facialexpression;Action…Interference:anythingthatimpedesthecommunicationofamessage;externalOrinternalSituation:time/certainoccasionsandplace/physicalsettingCulturaldiversityinthemodernworld:internationalmulticulturalismLanguage,Waysofthinking/seeingtheworldGestures,facialexpressions,andothernonverbalsignals…---Neveroverlooklisteners’culturalvaluesandcustoms;Ethnocentrismthebeliefthatourowngrouporcultureissuperiortoallothergroupsorcultures;keepinmindthegrowingdiversityoflife;avoidanywordsorphrasesthatmightcausemisunderstanding;trytorelatetoawiderangeoflisteners;Ethicsinpublicspeakingguidedbyastrongsenseofintegrity;Thegoalofpublicspeakingistogainadesiredresponsefromlisteners,butNOTatanycost;“Theidealofcommendablespeechmakingisthegoodpersonspeakingwell.”Ethics:thebranchofphilosophythatdealswithissuesofrightandwronginhumanaffairs.Inanidealworld,astheGreekphilosopherPlatonoted,allpublicspeakerswouldbetruthfulanddevotedtothegoodofsociety.GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking:Makesureyourgoalsareethicallysound.Befullypreparedforeachspeech.Behonestinwhatyousay.Avoidname-callingandotherformsofabusivelanguage.Name-calling:Theuseoflanguagetodefame,demean,degradeordehumanizeindividualsorgroups.Avoidracism,sexism,ageism,sizism,shapism…thatdevaluesthepeopleinquestionandstereotypestheminwaysthatassumetheinnatesuperiorityofonegroupoveranother.Putethicalprinciplesintopractice.Itiseasytopaylipservicetotheimportanceofethics,butmuchhardertoactethically.“Beingethicalmeansbehavingethicallyallthetime---notonlywhenit’sconvenient.Plagiarism:topresentanotherperson’slanguageorideasasyourown;1.Globalplagiarism:Piratesanentirespeechfromasinglesource.2.Patchworkplagiarism:Piratesaspeechfromseveralsources.3.Incrementalplagiarism:Failstogivecreditforborrowedpartsofthespeech.GuidelinesforEthicalListening:Becourteousandattentive;Avoidprejudgingthespeaker;MaintainthefreeandopenexpressionofideasGivingyourfirstspeech---ice-breakerspeech:Developingthespeech:1)selectalimitednumberofpoints;2)makeyourpresentationmysteriousorsuspenseful;3)usecolorful,descriptivelanguage;4)usewittyremarks,jokes,funnysituations,etc…Organizingthespeech:anintroduction,abodyandaconclusionIntroduction:1)openyourspeechwithaquestion,astory,startlingstatement,quotation…2)orientyourlistenerstowardthesubjectmatterofyourspeech;3)giveaclearsenseofthetopicandpurposeofthespeech.Body:1)relatetheeventsinthechronologicalortopicalorder;2)usetransitionstatements;Conclusion:1)lettheaudienceknowthatyouareabouttofinishyourspeech;2)reinforcethemajorthemeofthespeech;3)trytoendonadramatic,cleverorthought-provokingnote.Speakingextemporaneously---combinesthecarefulpreparationandstructureofamanuscriptpresentationwiththespontaneityandenthusiasmofanunrehearsedtalk.Planyourmajorpointsandsupportingmaterialswithouttryingtomemorizethepreciselanguageyouwilluse.BringafewbriefnotesWriteorprintkeytermsandphrasesKeepyournoteslargeenoughLearntousethefewestnotesRehearsingthespeech:Outloud;Askforfeedback;Timeyourspeech.Presentingthespeech:arelaxedbutuprightposture;lookoveryouraudienceandsmile;naturalandspontaneousgestures;avoidnervousmannerisms;lookattheaudiencefrequently;eyecontactwitheverylistener;useyourvoiceexpressively.