英语演讲课件2

Lecture2SelectingaTopicandPurposeAnalyzingtheAudienceTwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1)subjectsyouknowalotabout2)subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreaboutSubjectsyouknowalotabout:A.unusualexperiences;B.specialknowledgeorexpertise;Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout:Subjects…a.youalreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutneedadditionalresearch;b.untouchedatallbutyouwanttoexplore;c.aboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs;d.youcaredeeply---nationalorinternationalconcerns.Brainstormingfortopics:1)personalinventory;2)clustering;3)referencesearch;4)internetsearch;Determiningthegeneralpurpose:a.toinform:enhancetheknowledgeandunderstandingofyourlisteners---togivetheminformationtheydidnothavebefore;toexplainb.topersuade:changeorstructuretheattitudesoractionsofyouraudience---towinoveryourlistenerstoyourpointofview:toexhortDeterminingthespecificpurpose:stateswhatthespeakerwantstheaudiencetoknowasaresultofthespeechTipsforformulatingthespecificPurposeStatement:1)afullinfinitivephrase,notasafragment;Ineffective:calendarsMoreeffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.2)astatement,notasaquestion;Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.3)avoidfigurativelanguage:Ineffective:Toinformmyaudiencethatyogaisextremelycool.Moreeffective:Toinformmyaudiencehowyogacanimprovetheirhealth.4)onedistinctidea:Ineffective:Toinformmyaudienceabouttheuseofhot-airballoonsandtohelpreduceairpollution;Moreeffective:chooseone.5)nottoovagueorgeneral:Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatsomethingshouldbedoneaboutmedicalcare.Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethatthefederalgovernmentshouldadoptasystemofnationalhealthinsuranceforallpeopleintheU.S.A.Phrasingthecentralidea:Thecentralideaisaconcisestatementofwhatyouexpecttosay,alsocalledthesisstatement,subjectsentence,majorthought,usuallyexpressedasasimple,declarativesentencethatrefinesandsharpensthespecificpurposestatement.Topic:Americanprisonsystem;Generalpurpose:Toinform;Specificpurpose:ToinformmyaudienceofthethreemajorproblemsfacingAmerica’sprisonsystem.Centralidea:America’sprisonsystemsuffersfromthreemajorproblems:overcrowdingofinmates,lackofeffectiverehabilitationprogramsandhighexpensetotaxpayers.Topic:Alternative-fuelvehicles;Generalpurpose:Topersuade;Specificpurpose:Topersuademyaudiencethatthefederalgovernmentshouldspeedupeffortstodevelopalternative-fuelvehicles.Centralidea:Developingalternative-vehicleswillhelpreduceAmericandependenceonforeignoilandwillhelpreduceairpollution.Differentpurposesforasametopic:Topic:Schoolbuses:Informative:ToinformmyaudienceofthedangerousconditionsofmanyschoolbusesintheU.S.Persuasive:TopersuademyaudiencethatthefederalgovernmentshouldimposestrongersafetystandardsforschoolbusesintheU.S.AnalyzingtheAudienceAudience-centered(identification):remaintruetoyourselfandspeakethicallywhileadaptingyourmessagetotheneedsofaparticularaudienceThepsychologyofaudience:Egocentric:peoplepayclosestattentiontomessagesthataffecttheirownvalues,theirownbeliefs,theirownwell-being.Demographicaudienceanalysisage,gender,sexualorientation,religion,groupmembership;racial,ethnicorculturalbackgroundOthervariablestoconsider:occupation,economicposition,socialstanding,education,intelligence,andplaceofresidenceSituationalAudienceanalysisSize;Physicalsetting;Audience’sinterest,knowledge&attitude;Perceptionofthespeaker;Dispositiontowardtheoccasion.GettinginformationabouttheaudienceobservationandconversationInterview;Questionnaire:---fixed-alternativequestions---scalequestions---open-endedquestionsAdaptingtotheaudienceaudienceadaptationbeforethespeech:---assessing---adjustingaudienceadaptationduringthespeech:---timeallotment---reactiontofeedback