高分子材料科学基础

Polymermaterials100%60%†††80,20a——a——a——a——a——242/†3†3†3-4†4†2†2-3†2-3†2††1.2.3.4.Introduction††††1.11.11104103103104oligomer1061.11.1(macromolecule)(polymer)1.11.121.11.11(polyethylenePE)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2()n1.11.12(polystyrenePS)CH2CHCH2CHCH2CHCHCH2CH2CH)nCH2CH(1.11.13a(Monomer)a(repeatingunit):“”a(Structureunit)1.11.1amonomericunit):adegreeofpolymerization,DP)1DP=nnx21.11.13(poly(vinylchloride)PVC)CH2CHCln1.11.1466(nylon66)HOOC(CH2)4COOHH2N(CH2)6NH2HN(CH2)6NHOC(CH2)4COOHHn(2n-1)H2O+nDPxn22==1.2†1839(Goodyear)†1846Schonbein†1870celluloid(Hyatt)†1907†1912†1920Staudinger)†1925†1920-19301.2†1930(DowCo.)†193866(Carothers,DupontCo.)†1939(ICICo.)†1943†1950†1953(ZieglerandNatta)†1960-70†1970-OOCH2OHOHOHOHHHHOOCH2OHOHOHHHHHHNO3OOCH2ONO2OHOHOHHHHOOCH2ONO2OHOHHHHHH2SO4OH+HCHOOHCH2OHCH2CH2OHCH2OHCH2CH2CH2OH1953(HermannStaudinger1881—1965)192019321963(KaflZiegler1898-1973)GiulioNatta,1903-1975)1974PJFaulJohnFlory1910—19852000-G-(1929-2007)-J-(1936-)(1936-)1.31.1.6630301.81.82.32.320204040551515--661.2661.21.81.81515202010103030667.57.525253030104105106c02.AB3.1.41.“”Example:PE,PS,PVCCH2CHClnCH2CHCln2.Example:OCNHOCOONHCOPApolyamidepolyesterPUpolyurethane3.Example:“”CH2CHClnCH2CHCH3nCHCH2CNnCOCOOCH2CH2On4.//Example:nCH2=CHCH=CH2+mCH=CH2CH2CH=CHCH2nCHCH2m5.IUPACsubunit“”CHCH2n(1)Poly(1-phenylethylene)CH2CCH3COOCH3n[1-()-1-]Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene]1.5†¾(carbonchainpolymer)¾(heterochainpolymer)9C—O9C—N9C—S1.5†¾(elementaryorganicpolymer)¾(inorganicpolymer)SiCH3CH3On1.5†„¾plastic¾rubber¾fiber¾adhesive¾coating„1.5†„†„additionpolymer„condesationpolymer1.5†„homopolymer„copolymer†„thermoplasticpolymer„thermosettingpolymerMajorpolymermaterialsPlastics-ThermoplasticsPolyethylenePEPolypropylenePPPolystyrenePSPoly(vinylchloride)PVCPolyacetalPOMPolymethylmethacrylicPMMAPolyamide(nylon)PAPolycarbonatePCPolytetrafluorethylenePTFEPlastics-ThermosetsEpoxyEPMelamine-formaldehydeMPUrea-formaldehydeUFUnsaturatedpolyesterUPPhenolicPFPolyurethanePUR1.6Z1.6WNn†Mi†Ni†WiNiMi∑∑=iiiiinNMNM∑∑∑∑==iiiiiiiiiiiwNMNMWMWM2∑∑∑∑==iiiiiiiiiiiizNMNMMWMWM232ZaiiiiaiiNMMNM11⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=∑∑+ηa:0.5~11.6z101045105,a=0.6†M1104M2105†N1=10,N2=5†W1N1M1=105,W2N2M2=510540000510101051045=+×+×==∑∑iiiinNMNM85000101051010)10(5)10(4524252=×+××+×==∑∑iiiiiiwNMNMM9820010)10(5)10(10)10(5)10(2425343523=×+××+×==∑∑iiiiiizNMNMM81100101051010)10(5)10(6.01456.146.1511=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡×+××+×=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=∑∑+aiiiiaiiMNMNMηZ1.6zwnMMMM熆†1.6MWDnwMMMWD/=1/=nwMM1/nwMM‡MWD1‡E.g.:PS2-5PE30PS,1.06()