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2020/9/71英语语法句子成分和基本句型2020/9/722020/9/73什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!2020/9/74现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？2020/9/751.主语(Subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下列结构表示。2020/9/761.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）2020/9/777.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2020/9/78•句子成分练习题(一)•(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）•①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.•②Thereisanoldmancominghere.•③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.•④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2020/9/79谓语•谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：•1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2020/9/710谓语•2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。2020/9/711•1.Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.•A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework•2.WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.•A.wantB.totellC.youD.is•3.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.•A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor•4.Heisinterestedinmusic.•A.isB.interestedC.inD.music•5.Whomdidyougivemybookto?•A.giveB.didC.whomD.book2020/9/712表语•表语(Predicative)•用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。•表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：2020/9/7131.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）2020/9/7146.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）2020/9/715挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.•②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?•③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.•④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.•⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.2020/9/716•在系动词后的部分就是表语•常见的系动词有:•be(am,is,are,were,was)•状态：seem,appear,prove---•感官：smell,feel,taste,sound,look•变化：become,get,turn,go,come,grow•持续：remain,stay,keep,2020/9/717•I.常用作连系动词：•①变成,变得：become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn•口诀：好是come，坏是go;天气、外貌慢慢grow;流水、金钱缓缓run;颜色、天气大不同turn；Get\become口语化，如果要说就用它.•口诀解读：•Come一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。•如：Dreamscometrue.•梦想成真。•Go一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。•如：It'ssuchahotdaytodaythatthisdishhasgonesmelly.•今天太热了，菜都馊了。2020/9/718•Grow表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。•如：我想和你一起慢慢变老。•Iwanttogrowoldwithyou.•Run与grow是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。•如：Stillwaterrunsdeep.•静水深流。•Turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。•如：Theweathersuddenlyturnedhot.•天气突然变热了。2020/9/7194.宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lendmeyourdictionary.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.2020/9/720宾语•宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）2020/9/7214.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）2020/9/722•宾语种类：•（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，“七给”一“带”to不少例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.•（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：•Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.2020/9/723•下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.2020/9/724•下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.2020/9/725•(三)挑出下列句中的宾语•①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.•②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.•③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.•④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?•⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?•⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.•⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.•⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.•⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.•⑩Theydidn'tknowwhoFatherChristmasreallyis.2020/9/726划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（①Pleasetellusastory.•②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.•③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.•④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.•⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?2020/9/727•下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。•forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：•Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)•Ifor