1MembersoftheSentenceandStructures句子的成分与结构2句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。3英语的句子成分:一.主语TheSubject主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。★主语一般在句首。Wallshaveears.名词Hewilltakeyoutothehospital.代词Threeplusfourequalsseven.数词Smokingisnotallowedinpublicplaces.动名词ToteachthemEnglishismyjob.不定式→ItismyjobtoteachthemEnglish.★不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.句子4二.谓语ThePredicate说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语由动词/动词短语构成.助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。★谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。谓语一般在主语后面。E.g.Westudyhard.Helookedafterhislittlesister.HecanspeakEnglish.Maryhasbeenworkingatthedressshopsince1994.5三.表语ThePredicative说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、代词、数词、形容词、短语或句子等充当,和系动词一起构成谓语。一般在系动词后面,用来说明主语的性质,特征,状态等.E.g.Myfatherisaprofessor.名词Everybodyishere.代词Threetimesfiveisfifteen.数词Mynewcomputerisexpensive.形容词Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.todo不定式Myfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.句子6四.宾语TheObject表示动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者.由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。一般在谓语之后。E.g.HelikesChinese.名词Wehaven‘tseenherforalongtime.代词Doyoumindopeningthewindow?动名词Tomlikestosleepinthepark.动词不定式Givemefourplease.代词和数词7五.定语TheAttribute用来修饰名词或代词,译为‘‘……的’’由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等充当。定语的位置:定语通常位于被修饰的成分前;不定代词(something/nothing)之后;不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后;副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。8Theyarewomenworkers.名词Maryisabeautifulgirl.形容词Hehasthreecats.数词Chinaisadevelopingcountry.现在分词Thegirlbehindthetreeismysister.介词短语Ihavenothingtoeat.不定式TheboyyouwillknowisTom.从句Tom’sfatherdidn’tcomehomeyesterdaynight.所有格Imetafriendonmywayhome.副词9六.状语TheAdverbial用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、频率、目的等.可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句等。E.g.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.程度状语Healwayscomeslatetoschool.频率状语Theyareplayingontheplayground.地点状语Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.原因状语OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.时间状语Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.伴随状语Ifhegoes,sowillI.条件状语Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.让步状语Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.目的状语Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.方式状语10七.宾语补足语英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。主要用来说明宾语的特征、状态或身份,主要由形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等充当.E.g.Wemustkeepitasecret.名词Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.形容词Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.动词不定Isawhimgoingupstairs.分词短语Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.过去分词11同位语:当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。E.g.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)同位语12与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分.感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。E.g.Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.独立成分131.1.Ican’thearaword.Ican’thearaword.主谓宾2.2.Theyweretalkingloudly.Theyweretalkingloudly.主谓状3.Ilookedattheyoungmanandtheyoungwomanangrily.Ilookedattheyoungmanandtheyoungwomanangrily.1.主谓宾状2.4.Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.主谓状连谓定宾随堂练习141.主语+系动词+表语(主系表)2.主语+不及物动词+(其他成分)(主谓)3.主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补五种基本句子结构:151.此句型的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。在这类结构中最常用的系动词是:be动词:is/am/are/was/were“变化”类:get/become/turn/grow“感官”类:taste/smell/feel/look/sound“持续”类:stay/keep/remain其他:(似乎)seem/appear(证明是)turnout/prove(tobe)1.主语+系动词+表语16E.g.Sheisbeautiful.Everythinglooksdifferent.Thedinnersmellsgood.Herfaceturnedred.Youstorysoundedveryinteresting.Thehotdaywillremain/stay/keepafewdays.1.主语+系动词+表语17此句型的特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,不及物动词(vi)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:Wecome.后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。E.g.Whocares?Thetrainleavesat7:30.Theteacherteacheswell.(动词副词搭配)2.主语+不及物动词+(其他成分)(主谓)18此句型的特点:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。E.g.Heenjoysreading.主谓宾Mymotherforgottolockthedoor.Thebossemployedmorethanonehundredworkers.IhopeIcanlearnEnglishwell.3.主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)19有些及物动词可以有两个宾语(双宾语).这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。可接双宾语的常见动词有:ask,answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass,tell,show,teach,promise等.4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1.Whowillteachyoubiologynextterm?主谓间宾直宾2.Givemeacupofteaplease.3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.Ishowedhimmyphotos.20此句型的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.主语谓语宾语宾语补足语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补211.Pleasetellusastory.(主谓+间宾+直宾)2.Shesmiled.(主谓)3.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.(主系表)4.Henoticedamanentertheroom.(主谓宾+宾补)5.Ihavealotworktodo.(主谓宾+宾补)6.HewenttoLondonyesterday.(主谓宾)说出下列句子的结构:22Manythanks!2324