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1.询盘Enquiry(inquiry)referstothebuyerinordertobuyorthesellerinordertosellgoodstoasktoeachotherabouttradingconditions.2.接受Acceptance.Inbusinesslaw,anacceptanceistheassenttothetermsofanoffer.Itmustbeabsoluteandunconditional.3.商品的品质；Salebyseller’ssamplemadeonthebasisofthesampleprovidedbythesellerSalebybuyer’ssamplemadeonthebasisofthesampleprovidedbythebuyerSalebycountersampleCountersample:areplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyercountersampleusedasthebasisforqualitytoremovetheriskoftheseller,agoodsubstitutetosalebybuyer’ssample4.重量grossweight（毛重）=netweight（净重）+Tare（皮重）Conditionedweight:（公量）equalstothedryweightofacommodityplusthestandardmoisturecontent.Conditionedweight=Driednetweightx(1+Standardregainrate)Theoreticalweight（理论重量）=UnitweightxQuantityLegalweight（法定重量）=Netweight+Tare(immediatepacking)5.商品包装bulkcommodities（散装）nudepackedcommodities(裸装)Packedcommodities(包装)Neutralpacking（中性包装）meansthatthereisneitheranameoftheorigin,noranameofthefactory,noratrademark,abrand,orevenanywordsonthepackingofthecommodityandthecommodityitself.Itincludestwokinds:packingwithtrademarkdesignatedbythebuyerbutwithoutthemarkofthemanufacturersoriginspackingwithouttrademarkandoriginsaswellasthemarkofthemanufacturers.6.贸易术语Warsaw-OxfordRulesismadebyInternationalLawAssociation,whichonlydefinesCIFcontracts.海洋和河内运输：FASFOBCFRCIF任何：EXWFCACPTCIPDATDAPDDP装运港交货：FOBCFRCIF向承运人交货：FTACIPCPT目的地交货：DATDAPDDPFOB:FreeonboardThesellerisresponsibleforshippingthecontractedgoodsonboardtheshipdominatedbythebuyerattheportofshipmentwithinspecificperiodandbearingallcostsandrisksbeforethegoodsareonboardthevessel.CFR----Costandfreight:Thesellerisresponsibleforbookingspaceanddeliveringthegoodsonboardthevesselsailingforthedestinationinduetimeaccordingtothecontractandcoveringtherisksandexpensesduringcarriage(therisksaretransferredwhengoodsaredeliveredonboard).CIF-----CostInsuranceandFreight:CIFmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevessel.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsareonboardthevessel.Thesellermustcontractforandpaythecostandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.Theselleralsocontractsforinsurancecoveragainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.ThebuyershouldnotethatunderCIFthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.7.国际运输：LinerTransport班轮运输Alinerisvesselwithregularsailingsandarrivalsandsailsonafixed(regular)sailingrouteandcallsatfixed(regular)baseports.特点：a.Fixity,namelyfixedroutes,fixedportsofcall,fixeddatesandfixedrates.四固定b.Responsibility一负责c.Liabilities,obligationsandexemptionsoflinersandtheshipperareallonthebasisofthebillofladingissuedbyliners.权利、义务、责任豁免ShippingbyCharter租船运输：Itmeansafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorscheduleofsailingsorportorfreight.Theshipperchartersshipfromtheship-ownerandusesittocarrythegoods.InternationalMulti-modalTransport国际多式联运：Itinvolvesthetransportationoffreightinaninternationalcontainerorvehicle,usingmultiplemodesoftransportation(rail,shipandtruck),withoutanyhandlingofthefreightitselfwhenchangingmodes.8.海运提单Billoflading(B/L)：adocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.作用：areceiptofcargo，anevidenceofcontractofcarriage，adocumenttitletothegoods9.保险：PerilsoftheSea（海上风险）：NaturalCalamities（自然灾害）FortuitousAccidents（意外事故）ExtraneousRisks（附加其他风险）GeneralExtraneousRisksSpecialExtraneousRisks（特殊附加风险战争等）ActualTotalLoss:实际全损Itmeansthattheinsuredsubjectmatteristotallyandirretrievably(un-savable)lost.ConstructiveTotalLoss:推定全损Itisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceedthevalueofthecargo.Partialloss部分损失：GeneralAverage:共同海损Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheship-owner,theinsurer,andtheownersofthevariouscargoesabroadtheship.Whenashipisindanger,thecaptainmustmakeadecisionandoneofshipperswillsuffer.Inordertocompensatethespecialsacrifice,alltheotherswillclubtogethertore-compensatehimforloss.Particularaverage:单独海损Itmeansthataparticularcargoisdamagedbyanycauseandthedegreeofthedamagedoesnotreachatotalloss,i.e.,onlyapartialloss,whichshallbebornebytheownerofthisindividualconsignment.Freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A.)平安险Withparticularaverage(W.P.A.)水渍险Itcoverspartiallossduetovileweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeand/orfloodaswellastheriskscoveredunderF.P.A.conditionasmentionedabove.Allrisks:一切险AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF.P.A.andW.A.conditionsasabove,thisinsurancealsocoversallrisksoflossesordamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal,arisingfromgeneraladditionalrisks.保险金额计算insuranceamount=CIFprice×（1+markuppercentage加成率）premium(溢价)=insuranceamount×premiumrateInsurancePolicy:(保险单)Itisthemostwidelyusedinsurancedocument.ContentsoftheinsurancepolicyusuallyincludeThedetailedcontent.InsuranceCertificate保险凭证Itisakindofsimplifiedinsurancepolicy,andtherightsandobligationsoftwopartiesareomitted.Butithasthesamelegalvalidityastheinsurancepolicy.10.支付工具Abillofexchange（汇票）isanunconditi