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.........专业学习资料.Passage1NoonepriortoWorldWarIImoretrenchantlyanalyzedthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealiststhandidE.H.Carrinhiscelebratedwork,which,althoughpublishedin1939,didnothaveitsimpactinAmericauntilafterWorldWarII.Carrusedthetermutopiansforidealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.HeprobablydidnotintendthemorepejorativeconnotationthatattachedtothetermutopiansafterWorldWarIIasnaïveopponentsofpowerpoliticsexpoundedbyrealists.Indeed,sincetheendoftheColdWar,theidealistconceptoftheharmonyofnationalinterestsinpeacehasreceivednewattentioninamorerecentneoliberal-neorealistdebate.ThefailuresoftheLeagueofNationsinthe1930scastdoubtontheharmonyofinterestinpeace,whichappearedtoaccordwiththeinterestsofsatisfied,status-quopowerswithdemocraticgovernments,butnotwiththeperceivedneedsofrevisionists,totalitarians,authoritarianstatesseekingboundarychanges,enhancedstatus,greaterpower,and,especiallyinthecaseofNaziGermany,revengeforthehumiliationofthepost-WorldWarIsettlementimposedbytheVersaillestreaty.Contrarytotheutopianassumption,nationalself-determinationdidnotalwaysproducerepresentativegovernments.Instead,theoverthrowoftheoldmonarchicalordergaveriseinmanyplaces,includingRussia,toamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.TheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939betweentheSovietUnionandNaziGermanysetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPoland,theoutbreakofWorldWarII,the.........专业学习资料.partitionofPoland,andtheabsorptionofBalticstatesintotheSovietUnion,allinflagrantcontraventionofthestandardsofinternationalconductsetforthinutopiantheory.1.Whotookastronganalysisofthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealists?A.AdolphHitlerdidB.E.H.CarrdidC.NeorealistdidD.Molotovdid2.WhatdidutopianmeaninCarr’sopinion?A.Idealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.B.Naïveopponentsofpowerpolitics.C.Status-quopowersD.Revisionists.3.Whatistheconsequenceofnationalself-determination?A.Producingrepresentativegovernments.B.Givingrisetoamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.C.BothAandBD.SometimesA,sometimesB.4.WhatwastheinfluenceoftheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939?A.tosetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPoland.........专业学习资料.B.leadingtotheoutbreakofWorldWarIIC.acauseofthepartitionofPolandD.allofA,BandC5.Whichonecanserveasthetitleofthispassage?A.Post-WorldWarIIRealismB.Post-WorldWarIIUtopiansC.E.H.CarrandtheCrisisofWorldPoliticsD.TheInfluenceofVersaillesTreatypassage2Beyondmarkingtheseasons,thechiefintereststhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomerinhisobservationswereastrological.AfterquotingDiodorustotheeffectthattheBabylonianpriestsobservedthepositionofcertainstarsinordertocasthoroscopes,ThompsontellsusthatfromaveryearlydaytheverynameChaldeanbecamesynonymouswithmagician.HeaddsthatfromMesopotamia,bywayofGreeceandRome,acertainamountofBabylonianastrologymadeitswayamongthenationsofthewest,anditisquiteprobablethatmanysuperstitionswhichwecommonlyrecordasthepeculiarproductofwesterncivilizationtooktheiroriginfromthoseoftheearlydwellersonthealluviallandsofMesopotamia.OneAssurbanipal,kingofAssyriaB.C.668-626,addedtotheroyallibraryatNinevehhiscontributionoftablets,whichincludedmanyseriesofdocumentswhichrelatedexclusivelytotheastrologyoftheancient.........专业学习资料.Babylonians,whointurnhadborroweditwithmodificationsfromtheSumerianinvadersofthecountry.Amongthesemustbementionedtheserieswhichwascommonlycalled'theDayofBel,'andwhichwasdecreedbythelearnedtohavebeenwritteninthetimeofthegreatSargonI.,kingofAgade,3800B.C.Withsuchancientworksasthesetoguidethem,theprofessionofdeducingomensfromdailyeventsreachedsuchapitchofimportanceinthelastAssyrianEmpirethatasystemofmakingperiodicalreportscameintobeing.Bythesethekingwasinformedofalltheoccurrencesintheheavensandonearth,andtheresultsofastrologicalstudiesinrespecttoafterevents.Theheadsoftheastrologicalprofessionweremenofhighrankandposition,andtheirofficewashereditary.ThevarietyofinformationcontainedinthesereportsisbestgatheredfromthefactthattheyweresentfromcitiesasfarremovedfromeachotherasAssurinthenorthandErechinthesouth,anditcanonlybeassumedthattheyweredespatchedbyrunners,ormenmountedonswifthorses.AsreportsalsocamefromDilbat,Kutba,Nippur,andBursippa,allcitiesofancientfoundation,thekingwasprobablywellacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire.1.WhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomer?A.MarkingtheseasonsB.AstrologyC.BothAandBD.NeitherofAandB2.Where,accordingtoThompson,didmanysuperstitionsofwesterncivilizationoriginatefrom?.........专业学习资料.A.NinevehB.BabyloniaC.AssurD.Erech3.Howwasthesocialstatusofanastrologeratthattime?A.OfhighsocialstatusB.OfmiddlesocialstatusC.OflowsocialstatusD.Itwasn’tmentionedinthepassage.4.Howwasthekingacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire?A.Byperiodicalreportsofastrologyfromthecitiesoftheempire.B.Byscientificreportsfromspecialists.C.ByrumorsD.Bymakingatourindisguise5.Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinth