有机合成简介格林尼亚试剂Grignardreagent格林尼亚试剂简称“格氏试剂”是含卤化镁的有机金属化合物,由于含有碳负离子,因此属于亲核试剂,由法国化学家维克多·格林尼亚(FrançoisAugusteVictorGrignard)发现。格氏试剂在有机合成上十分有用,因而有多种市售格氏试剂存在。上述反应都是酸碱反应,质子从弱碱转移到强碱。反应历程:CH3BrCH3MgBrCH3CCH3CH2O/HMg(CH3)2COCH3CH3OHCH3CH3OMgBr干乙醚BrCH2CH2CH2COCH3Mg,THFHgCl2微量OHCH360%例:选择适当的原料合成2-甲基-3-戊炔-2-醇。分析:CH3CCCCH3CH3OH①②CH3C=OCH3+CCCH3MgXCH3MgX+CH3CCCCH3=OCH3CCCCH3CH3OH①②CH3C=OCH3CCCH3MgX合成:H3O+⑴酰氯格氏试剂的反应RC=OX+R’MgX醚RCOMgXXR’RCR’=OMgX2R’MgX醚RCR’OMgXR’H3O+RCR’OHR’结构对称的叔醇a.可制得两个烃基相同的叔醇。b.低温且控制R’MgX不过量可用来制备酮。c.R’MgX过量,则主要产物为三级醇。⑵酸酐与格氏试剂的反应O+OOMgXH3COH2OCOCH2CH2COOHH3CO⑶酯与格氏试剂的反应RCR’=OMgOR”XR’MgX醚RCR’OMgXR’H3O+RCR’OHR’结构对称的叔醇RC=OOR”+R’MgX醚RCOMgXOR”R’比较反应活性:RC=OOR”<RCR’=Oa.可制得两个烃基相同的叔醇。b.反应难停留在酮的阶段,因为酮与格试剂反应比酯快c.甲酸酯与格氏试剂反应得对称的二级醇。HCOOCH2CH32EtMgCl+干乙醚H2OEtCHEtOH例如:要合成3-甲基-3-戊醇,可有如下几种方法。H3CH2CCCH2CH3OHCH3乙醚H2OCH3MgClC2H5MgClH3CCOOC2H5H3CH2CCOCH2CH3H3CCOCH2CH3+++C2H5MgCl例5由甲苯合成CH3OOO+无水AlCl3CH3HOOCOZn/HgHClCH3HOOC多聚磷酸CH3O(CH3)2CHMgBrH2O△脱水S脱氢例12:OHOHOOCHOOCO+OOOAlCl3Zn-HgSOCl2MgBrH2OAlCl3H3O+△HCl例16:试设计2—甲基—3—(2,4—二甲苯基)丁烷CH3H3CCH3H3CCCH3OCH3COClAlCl3CH3H3CCCHCH3H3CCH3OHCHMgBrH3CH3CH2O①②CH3H3CCCCH3CH3CH3H+H2O-CH3H3CHCCHCH3H3CCH3H2Pd/CNa,Mg,Al和酸、碱、水、醇等作用,可顺利将醛还原为一级醇,而酮在同条件下,发生双分子还原,生成邻二醇。2H3CCH3OMg2H3CCH3O1/2Mg+-.CCOH3CCH3OCH3CH32H2OCCOHH3CCH3OHCH3CH3C6H6MgNa/C2H5OHRCHORCH2OH2MgH3O+C6H6H3CH3COCCOHH3CCH3OHCH3CH3讲课完毕,谢谢!