规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册

规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册前言在国家对奶牛养殖业的政策扶持下，各地规模牧场的建设得到了快速发展，个体养殖户在奶牛养殖业中所占比例逐渐减少，全国奶牛规模化养殖场将成为未来我国奶牛养殖的主要模式。近年来，伊利集团奶源基地新建和改建的大量规模化牧场陆续投入使用，科1学的标准化饲养管理成为当前规模化牧场经营管理的新趋势。可是，目前规模化牧场的饲养管理还处于粗放型和凭经验管理的状态。牧场的硬件建设虽然取得了长足的发展，如采用散栏饲养模式、使用TMR全混合日粮等新技术，但是，牧场的软件建设，奶牛饲养管理仍然存在很多问题，严重制约着奶牛生产潜力的发挥。因此，科学的标准化饲养管理技术的推广显得非常必要和迫切；同时，牧场的饲养管理人员也急切的盼望得到和掌握这些技术。伊利公司根据奶源基地牧场的现状，组织国内外专家学者和具有丰富实践经验的技术人员，制定出一套完整的标准化饲养管理技术规程《规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册》，指导牧场的生产实践活动，以便最大程度的提高牧场生产管理水平和经济效益，进一步推动奶业健康发展，提高牛奶的产量和质量。本手册适用于基地的标准化牧场管理人员和技术人员，技术培训人员和个体养殖户，也可以作为基地奶牛养殖技术培训的教材。目录第一章牧场组织机构及岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅51、牧场组织机构┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅52、主要生产岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅622.1场长职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅62.2饲养主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅62.3饲养员岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅62.4产房饲养员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅72.5犊牛饲养员岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅72.6TMR操作员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅72.7奶库人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅82.8挤奶人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅82.9饲草料管理人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅92.10设备工程师职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅92.11繁殖主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅92.12配种员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅92.13兽医主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅102.14兽医职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅102.15综合主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅102.16化验员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅102.17信息统计员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅112.18财务主管┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11第二章规模化牧场饲养管理标准┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅111、奶牛饲料与营养┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅111.1饲料的分类┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅111.2奶牛饲料的组织原则┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅131.3饲料的采购、加工、调制与储存管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅141.4奶牛的营养需要┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅152、饲养管理与生产工艺┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅222.1奶牛分群与阶段划分┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅222.2后备奶牛饲养管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅232.3成母牛的饲养管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅263、奶牛改良┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅2833.1改良目标┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅283.2实施方案┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅283.3奶牛群改良方案（DHI）┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅284、卫生保健┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅304.1疫病分类┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅344.2健康牛群标准┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅344.3卫生防疫┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅354.4几种奶牛常见病的预防┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅355、繁殖┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅395.1基本概念┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅395.2发情鉴定┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅415.3配种┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅415.4妊娠诊断┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅425.5产科管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅425.6记录┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅435.7繁殖障碍┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅436、牛奶质量控制┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅466.1基本概念┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅466.2控制牛奶质量的措施┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅486.3挤奶┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅48第三章规模化牧场生产操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅531、饲养工操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅532、饲料搅拌工操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅533、泌乳牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅544、围产期奶牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅545、干奶牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅556、产房犊牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅557、产房挤奶员操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅568、接产人员操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5649、助产操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5710、挤奶操作规┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5811、清洗操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5912、搅拌车操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6013、产后监护规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅60第四章信息化管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅611、原始数据的收集、统计与处理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅612、数据的处理与运用┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅623、各类记录表格┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅62第五章规章制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅631、出入管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅632、牧场员工行为规范管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅633、休假及请假规定┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅644、会议管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅645、现场管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅646、车辆管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅667、消防管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅668、综合治理工作制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅679、宿舍管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6810、食堂管理制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6811、防疫消毒制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6912、安全生产制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅7213、牛奶质量卫生制度┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅72第一章牧场组织机构及岗位职责1、牧场组织机构（千头以上牧场参考）52、主要生产岗位职责2.1场长职责2.1.1负责所属牧场的生产管理工作。犊牛饲养员饲养主管饲养员TMR操作员产房饲养员奶库人员化验员饲草料管理人员信息统计员设备工程师财务主管兽医主管兽医繁殖主管综合主管场长配种员62.1.2负责所属牧场生产及牛奶的产量、质量工作。2.1.3负责所属牧场的防疫、检免疫制度的制定，疾病防治、配种繁殖选配等工作。2.1.4负责所属牧场各牛群的饲草料的供应。2.1.5负责全场挤奶设备、饲草料加工设备、运输设备和全场为奶牛服务的各种设备的正常运转。2.1.6负责所属牧场的人员管理和牧场缺岗人员的需求申请及推荐招聘工作。2.1.7做好全场奶牛生产及发病、受妊、产犊、死淘等月报表并报送总经理。2.1.8做好全场员工的培训工作，不断提高场内员工的技术水平。2.1.9制定所属牧场的年、季、月生产经营计划，定期向总经理汇报牧场的生产经营情况。2.2饲养主管职责2.2.1根据牛场生产任务和饲料条件，拟定本单位奶牛生产计划和饲草料储备计划。2.2.2按照有关畜牧兽医操作规范、标准，拟定奶牛的饲料配制计划。2.2.3制定牧场各阶段奶牛饲养操作规程、挤奶操作规程等。2.2.4填写各项生产记录，填写内容、要求、方法按上级技术规范统一规定执行。2.2.5对于牛场饲养中的责任事故，要及时向上级报告，并承担应负的责任。2.2.6按照有关规定，认真做好生产、经营日报、周报、月报、季报和年报。2.3饲养员岗位职责2.3.1负责一栋或多栋牛舍的牛群管理。2.3.2做好饲喂工作，每班匀槽3次或推料3次，保证奶牛的自由采食。2.3.3保证奶牛充足的饮水，不外溢；及时清理水槽，保持清洁卫生；冬季保持合适的水温。2.3.4对所管牛群进行巡视，观察精神状态、采食、粪便等情况，异常情况要及时报告兽医或管理人员。2.3.5协助配种员做好配种工作，有发情牛及时向配种员报告。2.3.6协助其它部门进行牛群调动、检疫和免疫等工作。2.3.7在适当的时间清理牛粪，不影响奶牛的采食，牛粪运送到指定位置。72.3.8负责所辖区域的卫生和消毒工作。2.4产房饲养员职责2.4.1产房饲养的奶牛包括预产期前15天和产后一周的奶牛。2.4.2产后挤三次初乳即转出产房，进挤奶厅挤奶。如饲养条件达不到标准，建议产后3天内手工或小型挤奶机（厅）挤奶，5天开始可以全部挤净，正常情况下5-7天出产房。2.4.3患有乳房炎奶牛应手工挤奶，确需机器挤奶时，应排在最后，并且挤完奶后应对挤奶杯组进行消毒，防止交叉感染。2.4.4产后经兽医配种人员检查合格后，无乳房炎、蹄病、胎衣不下、子宫炎等疾病方可转出。转出前还应进行乳房炎、尿酮体、抗生素的检测，合格后方可转出。2.4.5挤奶机使用后要清洗干净，定期消毒，做好保养。2.4.6每班清理牛舍内卫生，做好消毒工作。2.4.7及时填写产犊记录，记录每班牛奶总产量、去向。2.4.8保证奶牛充足的饮水，不外溢；及时清理水槽，保持清洁卫生；冬季保持合适的水温。2.5犊牛饲养员岗位职责2.5.1做好犊牛的饲喂工作，做到定时、定温、定量。2.5.2保证牛舍和操作间卫生清洁和消毒工作。2.5.3观察牛群，有腹泻、不吃等异常情况及时通知兽医处理。2.5.4协助兽医给犊牛去角、去副乳头，打耳号和防疫工作。2.6TMR操作员职责2.6.