最新3世界贸易组织成员汇总

3世界贸易组织成员OriginalMembershipAccedingMembership•1.AnyStateorseparatecustomsterritorypossessingfullautonomyintheconductofitsexternalcommercialrelationsandoftheothermattersprovidedforinthisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsmayaccedetothisAgreement,ontermstobeagreedbetweenitandtheWTO.SuchaccessionshallapplytothisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsannexedthereto.•2.DecisionsonaccessionshallbetakenbytheMinisterialConference.TheMinisterialConferenceshallapprovetheagreementonthetermsofaccessionbyatwo-thirdsmajorityoftheMembersoftheWTO.•3.AccessiontoaPlurilateralTradeAgreementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofthatAgreement.一国四席11Dec2001China-1431Jan2002ChineseTaipei-1441Jan1995HongKong，China1Jan1995Macao,ChinaEuropeanUnionorCommunities?•Since1December2009“EuropeanUnion”hasbeentheofficialnameintheWTO.Beforethat,“EuropeanCommunities”wastheofficialnameinWTObusinessforlegalreasons,andthatnamecontinuestoappearinoldermaterial.•TheEUisaWTOmemberinitsownrightasareeachofits27memberstates—making28WTOmembersaltogether.•TheEUisasinglecustomsunionwithasingletradepolicyandtariff.•TheEuropeanCommission—theEU’sexecutivearm—speaksforallEUmemberStatesatalmostallWTOmeetings.HowtojointheWTO:theaccessionprocess•First,“tellusaboutyourself”.•Second,“workoutwithusindividuallywhatyouhavetooffer”.•Third,“let’sdraftmembershipterms”.•Finally,“thedecision”.First,“tellusaboutyourself”•ThegovernmentapplyingformembershiphastodescribeallaspectsofitstradeandeconomicpoliciesthathaveabearingonWTOagreements.ThisissubmittedtotheWTOinamemorandumwhichisexaminedbytheworkingpartydealingwiththecountry’sapplication.TheseworkingpartiesareopentoallWTOmembers.Second,“workoutwithusindividuallywhatyouhavetooffer”•Whentheworkingpartyhasmadesufficientprogressonprinciplesandpolicies,parallelbilateraltalksbeginbetweentheprospectivenewmemberandindividualcountries.•Thesetalkscovertariffratesandspecificmarketaccesscommitments,andotherpoliciesingoodsandservices.•Inotherwords,thetalksdeterminethebenefitsotherWTOmemberscanexpectwhenthenewmemberjoins.Third,“let’sdraftmembershipterms”.•Oncetheworkingpartyhascompleteditsexaminationoftheapplicant’straderegime,andtheparallelbilateralmarketaccessnegotiationsarecomplete,theworkingpartyfinalizesthetermsofaccession.Theseappearinareport,adraftmembershiptreaty(“protocolofaccession”)andlists(“schedules”)ofthemember-to-be’scommitments.Finally,“thedecision”•Thefinalpackage,consistingofthereport,protocolandlistsofcommitments,ispresentedtotheWTOGeneralCouncilortheMinisterialConference.•Ifatwo-thirdsmajorityofWTOmembersvoteinfavour,theapplicantisfreetosigntheprotocolandtoaccedetotheorganization.Inmanycases,thecountry’sownparliamentorlegislaturehastoratifytheagreementbeforemembershipiscomplete.CaseStudy:theaccessionofChina•Readpage306-311▫toidentifyandlistthekeydatesintheprocessofChina’saccession▫toknowwhatarethelegaldocumentsonChina’saccession•1947关贸总协定的23个缔约国之一•1950台湾当局退出关贸总协定•1986.7.11中国政府正式提出要求恢复中国的关贸总协定缔约国地位•1987.3.4设立关于恢复中国缔约方地位的中国工作组•1992.10中国工作组结束对中国经贸体制的审议•1997.5中国与匈牙利最先达成协议•1999.11.15中美双边协议达成•2001.5.19中欧双边协议达成•2001.9.13中国与墨西哥达成协议，双边谈判结束•2001.9.17中国加入世贸组织法律文件(工作组报告书、加入议定书、减让表)通过，多边谈判结束•2001.11.10世贸组织第四届部长级会议一致通过中国加入世贸组织决议•2001.12.11中国正式成为世贸组织第143个成员国Membership•Allmembershavejoinedthesystemasaresultofnegotiationandthereforemembershipmeansabalanceofrightsandobligations.Theyenjoytheprivilegesthatothermembercountriesgivetothemandthesecuritythatthetradingrulesprovide.Inreturn,theyhadtomakecommitmentstoopentheirmarketsandtoabidebytherules.•CountriesnegotiatingmembershipareWTO“observers”.Withdrawal•1.AnyMembermaywithdrawfromthisAgreement.SuchwithdrawalshallapplybothtothisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsandshalltakeeffectupontheexpirationofsixmonthsfromthedateonwhichwrittennoticeofwithdrawalisreceivedbytheDirector-GeneraloftheWTO.•2.WithdrawalfromaPlurilateralTradeAgreementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofthatAgreement.Non-ApplicationofMultilateralTradeAgreementsbetweenParticularMembers3.2世贸组织中的发达国家成员•The“Quadrilaterals“orthe“Quad”:CanadaEuropeanUnionJapanUnitedStates3.3世贸组织中的发展中国家成员•DevelopingcountriesmakeupaboutthreequartersofthetotalWTOmembership.•Togetherwithcountriescurrentlyintheprocessof“transition”tomarket-basedeconomies,theyplayanincreasinglyimportantandactiveroleintheWTO▫becauseoftheirnumbers,▫becausetheyarebecomingmoreimportantintheglobaleconomy,▫andbecausetheyincreasinglylooktotradeasavitaltoolintheirdevelopmentefforts.•HowdoestheWTOdealwiththespecialneedsofanincreasinglyimportantgroup?3.4发展中国家在世贸组织中的特殊与差别待遇•theWTOagreementscontainspecialprovisionsondevelopingcountries•theCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentisthemainbodyfocusingonworkinthisareaintheWTO,withsomeothersdealingwithspecifictopicssuchastradeanddebt,andtechnologytransfer•theWTOSecretariatprovidestechnicalassistancefordevelopingcountries.SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bettertermsextratimefordevelopingcountriestofullfiltheircommitments(inmanyoftheWTOagreements)SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bet