CHINESE-ENGLISHTRANSLATIONChapter2FundamentalKnowledge复习&练习了解“文化”汉英翻译与文化中英思维方式对比汉英语言对比汉英翻译基本知识汉英翻译就是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换为功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。——陈宏薇国际翻译界一般认为:•从外国语译入本族语易,反之难。•从本族语译入外国语非明智之举。•译出翻译的最佳模式是合作翻译。•该校有三千名学生。•Theschoolhasthreethousandstudents.•苦尽甘来。•Sweetcomesafterbitterness.•凯文是几兄弟中最热心的。•Kevinisthemostwarm-heartedofhisbrothers.•日暮途穷。•Thedayisfallingandtheroadiscomingtoanend.[正]Therearethreethousandstudentsintheschool.[正]Afterraincomesthesunshine./Painpastispleasure.[正]Kevinisthemostwarm-heartedofallthesonsinthefamily./Kevinismorewarm-heartedthananyofhisbrothers.[正]Thenightisfallingandtheroadiscomingtoanend.注:“日暮”除译作Thenightisfalling外,又可译成thenightisclosingin,或nightiscoming(on),或itisgettingdark。汉语的“途穷”,除如上照字面译出的以外,又可译为noroadahead,或意译为straitened,inpoorcircumstances等。•车来了。您先请。•Herecomesthecar.Yougofirst,please.•这个教授教得很烂。•Theprofessorteachesbadly.•周末许多人睡得很晚。•Manypeoplesleeplateatweekends.•这个任务很危险,但总得有人去冒险。•Thetaskisreallydangerous.Butsomeonehastotaketheadventure.•一辆白色轿车前来接新郎新娘去教堂。•Awhitecarturneduptotakethegroomandthebridetothechurch.[正]Herecomesthecar.Afteryou.[正]Theprofessorissoterrible.[正]Manypeoplegotobedverylateatweekends.Manypeoplesleeplateatweekends.=周末许多人睡懒觉。[正]Thetaskisreallydangerous.Butsomeonehastobellthecat.[正]Awhitecarturneduptotakethebrideandthegroomtothechurch.注:汉英两种语言均有各自固定的词序,因此翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯进行适当的调整。之所以将新娘放在前面,也许是西方文化中“女士优先”吧!又如:“衣食住行”译成英语是food,clothing,shelterandtransportation;同样,“左顾右盼”翻译成lookrightandleft。文化语言思维•什么是文化?P.15•文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系?P.16•中西思维方式有什么异同?P.18清翠十八子手串清翠鱼纹佩QingDynastyJadeiteRosaryBraceletofEighteenBeadsJadeitePendantwithFishDesignTreasuresofthePalaceMuseumJewelriesofEmpressandImperialConcubines中英思维方式对比•中国人注重伦理(ethics);•英美人注重认知(congnition)•中重整体(integrity)、重综合性(synthetic)思维;•英重个体individuality)、重分析性(analytic)思维•中重直觉(intuition)、重形象思维(figurativethinking);•英重实证(evidence)、重逻辑思维(logicalthinking)ChineseModeWesternModeEthical伦理型Cognitive认知型Synthetic整体性Analytical分析性Intentional意向性Objective对象性Intuitive直觉性Logical逻辑性Imagic意象性Positivistic实证性Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精确性Convergent求同性Divergent求异性Past-focused后馈性Future-focused前瞻性Inward内向性Outward外向性Inductive归纳型Deductive演绎型——连淑能•中国人的形象思维体现在用具体形象的词语比喻抽象的事物,以物表感、状物言志。•明枪易躲,暗箭难防•Itiseasytododgeaspearthrustintheopen,butdifficulttoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding•脚踩两只船•straddletwoboats;haveafootineithercamp•脚踏实地•haveadown-to-earthmanner•胆小如鼠•astimidasamouse;chicken-hearted•居高临下•occupyacommandingposition•蒙在鼓里•bekeptinthedark•顶天立地•dauntless;ofgiganticstature;ofindomitablespirit;giant•萝卜青菜,各有所爱。BDACE汉英语音对比汉英句法对比汉英文字对比汉英词义对比汉英篇章对比汉英语言对比Type•汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-TibetanFamily)•英语属印欧语系(Indo-EuropeanFamily)•汉语是世界上最古老语言之一•英语是世界上使用最广的语言之一•汉语是分析型(analytic)语言,其典型特征是没有屈折变化即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式(form)变为(inflection),复数,动词也不用改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时;汉语的词没有阳性和阴性的变化,汉语中也没有表阳性和阴性的词缀。•汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(wordorder)和虚词(emptyword)。如:•“鸟儿飞出了笼子。”是按正常词序组成的正确句子,若颠倒“鸟儿”和“笼子”的位置成为“笼子飞出了鸟儿”,该句则成了病句;然若加上“里”字,“笼子里飞出了鸟儿”,句子便又恢复正常,突出了鸟儿是从笼子里飞出来的信息。•汉语还被认为是粘着型(agglutinative)语言,词的组合依靠词素的粘着。如:•光(+明)光明(+正大)光明正大•打(+击)打击(+犯罪+分子)打击犯罪分子•英语是分析型和综合型(synthetic)语言。其分析型特征也体现在词序和助词(auxiliary)的组句功能上。如:•“Heworkswell.”是正确句子,不能颠倒词序将其变为“Workshewell”,但可以改变词序变为“Wellheworks.”以突出“well”。•Doesheworkhard?”一定得将does置于句首成为一般疑问句,若改变词序使其为“Hedoesworkhard.”则改变了该句的功能,变为陈述句,强调“workhard”。•英语又属综合型语言是因为它有丰富的屈折变化形式。如:•table(桌子)/tables(几张桌子)•run(跑)/ran(跑,过去时)/run(跑,过去分词)•theboy’s(’s表示所属关系)•Shesings(-s表示现在时单数第三人称)LinguisticSystem•文字(script),也称书面语言(systemofwriting),是语言的有形记录,它的出现往往晚于所记录的语言。•人类历史上有四种最古老的表意文字,它们是古埃及的圣体字,古苏美尔人的楔形文字,中美洲玛雅人的文字和古汉字。除了汉字至今保持着旺盛的生命力,其余的三种文字都已湮没在历史的长河中。•古汉字是一种用符号表示思想或概念的表意文字(ideographicscript),因为它主要是象形字。P32•随着指事字、会意字和形声字的出现,且数目不断增多,汉字已不能简单地视为表意文字,而应该视为有表意倾向的音节文字(ideographic-orientedsyllabicscript)。汉字一字一音,一字既可代表语素,又可代表音节。汉字是多功能的,它是字(character),即构成文字的基本单位;有些汉字又是词(word),如:句、书、打、走等;有些汉字既可作词单独使用,也可略变写法作偏旁部首(radical)使用,如金、木、日、米等;少数汉字只能作为语素(morpheme)与其他汉字组合成词语,如菩、乒、忐等。•DevelopmentofChinesecharacters:1)Inscriptiononboneortortoiseshells(甲骨文):theShangDynasty2)Bronzewarescript(金文):theShangDynasty→theZhouDynasty;3)Sealcharacter(篆书):theZhouDynasty→theQinDynasty4)Officialscript(隶书):theWarringStateDynasty→theHanDynasty5)Regularscript(楷书):theHanDynasty→theTangDynasty6)Cursivescript(草书)/Runningscript(行书):theHanDynasty→theSouthernandNorthernDynasties1)Pictographs(象形字)arepictorialrepresentationofthethingsorobjectstheyoriginallyrepresented.e.g.山,川.2)Indicatives(指事字):Unlikepictographs,indicativesdonotpicturethings,but“indicate”theirproperties.e.g.上,下.3)Ideographs(会意字)aretypicallycomposedofpictographs/indicativesarrangedinaspecialwaytosuggestsomethingmoreabstract.e.g.明,休.4)Sound-shapecompounds(形声字):Typicallyconsistoftwoparts:onecalled“radical”(偏旁)indicatingsemanticarea,andtherestisphoneticelement(声旁)indicatingphoneticrealization.e.g.妈,钾.5)Changed-annotationcharacters(转注字)arecharacterswhichwereoriginallythesamecharacterbuthavebecometwodifferentonesthroughorthographicdrift.e.g.考←老.6)Fake-borrowedcharacters(假借字)arehomophoneswhichareborrowedforusewhenaspokenwordhasnocorrespondingcharacter.e.g.令(asin命令→县令),长(asin长者→长官).•英语是拼音文字(alphabeticScript)。英语有26个字母,组合