英语句子成分及基本句型

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2020/9/131EnglishGrammar英语语法•词法:语音词性词义构词法词类:实词虚词•句法:句子的种类:按使用目的:陈述句疑问句祈使句和感叹句按其结构:简单句并列句复合句•语篇:议论文记叙文应用文2020/9/1322020/9/133句子成分和基本句型2020/9/1342020/9/135什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位.句子的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有.?!Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!2020/9/136现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语。句子包括哪些成分?2020/9/137•1.主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分.一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置一般在句首.Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.2020/9/138谓语:•谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词短语构成.Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.2020/9/139表语:•表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.Iamateacher.Shefeelshappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.Hewentmad.Seeingisbelieving.2020/9/1310宾语•宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodboy.2020/9/1311宾语补足语•在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用.•它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当.•Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.•Leavethedooropen.•WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.•Makeyourselfathome.•Iheardmynamecalled.2020/9/1312状语•状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度.一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当.Hediditcarefully.Hestudiedveryhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.Iwillstayathomeifitrainstomorrow.2020/9/1313定语•定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语.•Theblackbikeismine.•What’syourname?•Ihave5books.•Asleepingboyissleeping.•Theymadepaperflowers.•TheboyintheroomisJack.2020/9/1314三、同位语:同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)LiLei,mybrother,cametoseemetoday.(mybrother是LiLei的同位语)2020/9/1315一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.2020/9/1316(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--Heisateacherwhilehislittlebrotherisstillajuniormiddleschoolstudent.2020/9/1317(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Abeautifulgirlisrunningtous.5.Theboyintheclssroomiscrying.2020/9/1318(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语②Heaskedhertostudyhard.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.2020/9/1319(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.2020/9/1320⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.2020/9/1321句子成份练习1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.状语表语间语+直宾宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补2020/9/13228.Ithinkitdifficulttofinishtheworkthismorning.9.Thereseemslittlehopesofsuccess.10、Toourjoy,theyarrivedsafe.11、Thefactisveryclearthatourteamwillwinthegame.12.Aftergraduationhewillworkwherehecamefrom.宾语+宾补主语状语同位语状语2020/9/13232020/9/1324按句子的结构可分三种:简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Theywalked,talkedandlaughed.2020/9/1325英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:SV(主+谓)二:SVP(主+系+表)三:SVO(主+谓+宾)四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)2020/9/1326种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework第2种S+V+0Heplaysviolin.第3种S+v+pWearestudents第4种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen.第5种S+V+O+OCHemademelaugh2020/9/1327基本句型一S+Vi(主+谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。2020/9/1328SVi(不及物动词)1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayisplayinghavegone2020/9/1329基本句型二S+V+P(主+系+表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类,表示情况;get,grow,become,turn,go等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。2020/9/1330SV(是系动词)P(表语)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisfaceissmells(闻)felllooksisisbecameturnedanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.2020/9/1331系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。2020/9/1332一、系动词的分类:常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类:表示特征或状态的,有be,look,feel,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,turnout(结果是、证明是)等。Youdon’tlookverywell.Ifeelrathercold.2020/9/1333Heseemstobeill.Therosessmellsweet.Themixturetastedhorrible.Howsweetthemusicsounds!2020/9/1334第二类:表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化,有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.2020/9/1335第三类:表示保持状态的,有keep,remain,continue,stay等。Keepquiet,children!Itremainstobeproved.2020/9/1336基本句型三S+Vt+O(主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承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