16–1Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.第十六章供应链的定价和收入管理16–2Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.定价和收入管理在供应链中的作用•收入管理就是指在有限的供应链资产约束下使用定价来提高利润。•供应链资产以两种形式存在——产能和库存。•收入管理也可以定义为基于顾客分类、使用时间、产品或产能可获性的差异定价来提高供应链盈余。16–3Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.定价和收入管理在供应链中的作用•当下面四个条件中的一个或多个存在时,收入管理通过调整价格和可用的产能会对供应链利润产生巨大的影响:1.产品在不同细分市场中的价值不一样。2.产品有易逝性或损耗性。3.需求有季节性或其他波动。4.产品同时在大宗订货市场和零星订货市场销售。16–4Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多种顾客细分市场的定价和收入管理•理论上,差异定价的思想可以为公司增加利润。•在实践中必须处理好两个基本问题。–首先,公司如何区别两个细分市场并且构造定价机制,让一个细分市场比另一个细分市场为产品支付更高的价格。–其次,公司如何控制需求,让低价细分市场不会消耗所有的资源。16–5Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多种顾客细分市场的定价和收入管理d=10,000–2,000p16–6Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多种顾客细分市场的定价和收入管理d=10,000–2,000p16–7Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多个细分市场的定价Maxpi–c()Ai–Bipi()i=1kåAi–Bipi()£Qi=1kåAi–Bipi³0fori=1,...,k约束条件为:如果可获产能的最大值为Q,最优价格为:16–8Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多个细分市场的定价p1=5,0002´20+102=125+5=$130p2=5,0002´40+102=62.5+5=$67.50d1=5,000–(20´130)=2,400 and d2=5,000–(40´67.5)=2,300Total profit =(130´2,400)+(67.5´2,300)–(10´4,700)=$420,250d1=5,000-20p1d2=5,000-40p216–9Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多个细分市场的定价d1=5,000–20´88.33=3,233.40d2=5,000–40´88.33=1,466.80Total profit =88.33-10()´3,233.40+1,466.80()=$368,166.67p–10()5,000–20p()+p–10()5,000–40p()=p–10()10,000–60p()Optimalpricep=10,0002´60+102=$88.3316–10Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多个细分市场的定价总产能仅有4000单位的情况:Maxp1–10()5,000–20p1()+p2–10()5,000–40p2()约束条件为:5,000–20p1()+5,000–40p2()£4,0005,000–20p1(),5,000–40p2()³016–11Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.多个细分市场的定价ABCD3产能=4000单位4细分市场价格(美元)需求(单位)利润(美元)51141.72166.67285277.86279.21833.33126805.67合计4000.00412083.3单元格单元格操作函数复制到C5=5000-20*B5C6=5000-40*B6D5=(B5-10)*C5D6C7=SUM(C5:C6)D7=SUM(D5:D6)16–12Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.不确定情况下细分市场的产能分配•供应商要在接受来自低价购买者的订单与等待将要到来的高价购买者之间权衡产能的分配。RH(CH)=Prob(来自高价市场的需求CH)×pHProb(来自高价市场的需求CH)=pL/pH16–13Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.不确定情况下细分市场的产能分配•理想情况下,每次处理一个顾客订单时,应该修正所有细分市场的需求,计算出一个新的保留产能。•基于不同细分市场创造一种产品的不同形式。•为了成功应用收入管理,公司必须有效地使用如下策略:–基于每个细分市场所感知的价值进行定价。–为每个细分市场制定不同的价格。–对各个细分市场分别进行预测。16–14Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.为多个市场分配产能pA=3.50美元/立方英尺pB=2.00美元/立方英尺DA=3,000立方英尺sA=1,000立方英尺CA=NORMINV(1-pB/pA,DA,σA)=NORMINV(1-2.00/3.50,3000,1000)=2820(立方英尺)CA=NORMINV(1-pB/pA,DA,σA)=NORMINV(1-2.00/5.00,3000,1000)=3253(立方英尺)16–15Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.要点如果一家供应商以固定的资产服务于多个细分市场,它就可以通过为每个细分市场制定不同的价格提高收入。必须建立壁垒,以阻止低价市场侵蚀高价市场。为高价市场保留的产能数量应该使高价市场的预期边际收入等于低价市场的价格。16–16Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.易逝资产的定价和收入管理•随着时间推移逐渐失去价值的任何资产都有易逝性。•易逝资产的两个收入管理策略:1.随着时间动态地改变价格以使预期收入最大化。2.超订以抵消预订取消。16–17Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.动态定价•为易逝资产动态定价,资产所有者必须能够估计资产随着时间推移的价值,同时有效地预测价格对顾客需求的影响。MaxpiAi–Bipi()i=1kåAi–Bipi()£Qi=1kåAi–Bipi³0fori=1,...,k约束条件为di=Ai-Bipi16–18Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.所预测的在季初购买产品的顾客对价格不太敏感,而在季末购买产品的顾客对价格敏感。动态定价d1=300–p1,d2=300–1.3p2,d3=300–1.8p3Maxp1300–p1()+p2300–1.3p2()+p3300–1.8p3()约束条件为:300–p1()+300–1.3p2()+300–1.8p3()£400300–p1,300–1.3p2,300–1.8p3³016–19Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.动态定价ABCD3季初数量=400件4时段价格(美元)需求(件)收入(美元)51162.20137.8022351.2862127.58134.1517114.367395.53128.0512232.308合计400.0051697.94单元格单元格操作函数复制到C5=300-B5C6=300-1.3*B6C7=300-1.8*B7D5=B5*C5D6:D7C8=SUM(C5:C7)D8=SUM(D5:D7)16–20Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.动态定价ABCD3季初数量=400件4时段价格(美元)需求(件)收入(美元)51121.95178.0521413.2762121.95141.4617251.6473121.9580.499815.598合计400.0048780.49单元格单元格操作函数复制到B6=B5B716–21Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.用动态定价估计进货量d1=300–p1,d2=300–1.3p2,d3=300–1.8p3Maxp1300–p1()+p2300–1.3p2()+p3300–1.8p3()–100Q约束条件为:300–p1()+300–1.3p2()+300–1.8p3()£Q300–p1,300–1.3p2,300–1.8p3,Q³016–22Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.用动态定价估计进货量ABCD2每单位成本=100.00美元3季初数量=245件4时段价格(美元)需求(件)收入(美元)51200.00100.0020000.0062165.3885.0014057.7073133.3365.008000.018合计245.0042057.719利润=17557.69单元格单元格操作函数复制到D9=B8-B2*B316–23Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.要点如果顾客对价格的敏感性在销售季节不断变化,动态定价就是一种非常强大的提高利润的工具。流行商品就是一种例子,在季初顾客对价格不敏感,快到季末时顾客对价格越来越敏感。但是,动态定价要仔细考虑顾客的行为,他们可能会期望将来价格有所降低而推迟采购。当面临战略顾客时,最好采用固定价格或减少供应量。16–24Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.Copyright©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.超订•超订时要在因为过多的预订取消而导致的产能(库存)浪费和因为过少的预订取消而导致的产能(库存)短缺之间进行权衡。s*=Probcancellations£O*()=CwCw+CsO*=F–1s*,mc,sc()=NORMINVs*,mc,sc()O=F–1s*