欧洲文化名词解释集锦2

DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture1.Iliad（《伊利亚特》）:1)ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2)ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3)TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4)Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.4.Dialecticalmethod（辩证法）:1)ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2)Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.7．Stoics（斯多咯派）:1)ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2)Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3)Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4)ThechiefStoicwasZeno.8．DoricStyle（陶立克柱）:1)ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2)Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3)Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4)TheDoricstyle.ismonotonousandunadorned.9．PaxRomana（罗马和平）（北京市2001年自考真题名词解释）:1）Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3)Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4)ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.10.Virgil（维吉尔）:1)HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2)Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3)Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity1.TheBible:1)TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.2.TheOldTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.3.TheNewTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.4.Pentateuch（摩西五经）:1)IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2)Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis(创世记),Exodus(出埃及记),Leviticus(利未记),Numbers(民数记),Deuteronomy(申命记).5．Genesis：1）GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.6.Exodus:1)ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3)DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.7.Noah’sArk（挪亚方舟）:1)FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,buttheybecamemoreandmorecorrupt2)ThusGoddecidedtodestroyalllifeonearthinagreatflood.3)BecauseNoahalwayskepthisfaithinGod,GodspoketohimaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinfromthewaters.4).NoahfollowedGod’sinstructions.5)For40daysitrained,thewholeearthwascoveredwithwater,thoseshelteredinthearkbeingtheonlysurvivals.8.TheProphets(先知)：1）FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.2）Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.3）TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.（分为大小先知）9．TheBookofDaniel（《但以理书》）：1）TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.2)ThebookappearedintheearlydaysofJews’revoltagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochusIV.3)Itisastorymixedwithvision,describinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.10．TheEdictofMilan（米兰赦令）:1)RomanemperorConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleforthethrone,soheissuedtheEdictofMilanin313.2)Itgrantedreligiousfreedomtoall,madeChristianitylegal.11．ThefouraccountsintheNewTestament（四福音书）:1)ThefouraccountsarethefirstfourbooksintheNewTestament.2)TheywerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus’earlyfollowers.3)Theytellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.12．KingJames’versionofBible（钦定版本圣经）:1）AsthemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBible,itisalsocalledthe“Authorized”version.2)Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames,andwaspublishedin1611.3)Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknowasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguage.DivisionThreeTheMiddleAges1．theMiddleages（中世纪）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）:1)InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfromthe5thcenturyto15thcenturyfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2)Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.3)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.4)Christia