《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文ppt-Ch2

Chapter2Paradigms,Theory,AndResearchChapterOutlineIntroductionSomeSocialScienceParadigmsElementsofSocialTheoryTwoLogicalSystemsRevisitedDeductiveTheoryConstructionInductiveTheoryConstructionTheLinksBetweenTheoryandResearchTheoryandResearchTheoryfunctionsthreewaysinresearch:1.Theoriespreventourbeingtakeninbyflukes.2.Theoriesmakesenseofobservedpatternsinwaysthatcansuggestotherpossibilities.3.Theoriescandirectresearchefforts,pointingtowardlikelydiscoveriesthroughempiricalobservation.QuestionWhichofthefollowingdotheoriesseektoprovide?A.personalexperienceB.discoveryC.correlationsD.logicalexplanationsAnswer:DTheoriesseektoprovidelogicalexplanations.ParadigmsAmodelorframeworkforobservationandunderstanding,whichshapesbothwhatweseeandhowweunderstandit.Theconflictparadigmcausesustoseesocialbehavioroneway,theinteractionistparadigmcausesustoseeitdifferently.Wecanseenewwaysofseeingandexplainingthingswhenwestepoutsideourparadigm.SocialScienceParadigms:MacrotheoryMacrotheorydealswithlarge,aggregateentitiesofsocietyorwholesocieties.•Strugglebetweeneconomicclasses,internationalrelationsSocialScienceParadigms:MicrotheoryMicrotheorydealswithissuesatthelevelofindividualsandsmallgroups.Datingbehavior,jurydeliberations,studentfacultyinteractionsSocialScienceParadigms:SocialDarwinismComte’sviewthatsciencewouldreplacereligionandmetaphysicsbybasingknowledgeonobservations.Comtecoinedpositivism,incontrasttowhatheregardedasnegativeelementsintheEnlightenment.SocialScienceParadigms:ConflictMarxsuggestedsocialbehaviorcouldbeseenastheprocessofconflict:Attempttodominateothers.Attempttoavoiddomination.SocialScienceParadigms:SymbolicInteractionismInteractionsrevolvearoundindividualsreachingunderstandingthroughlanguageandothersystems.Canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.SocialScienceParadigms:EthnomethodologyPeoplearecontinuouslytryingtomakesenseofthelifetheyexperience.Onetechniqueistobreaktherulesandviolatepeople’sexpectations.SocialScienceParadigms:StructuralFunctionalismAsocialentity,suchasanorganization,canbeviewedasanorganism.Asocialsystemismadeupofparts,eachofwhichcontributestothefunctioningofthewhole.Thisviewlooksforthe“functions”servedbythevariouscomponentsofsociety.SocialScienceParadigms:FeminismFocusesongenderdifferencesandhowtheyrelatetotherestofsocialorganization.Drawsattentiontotheoppressionofwomeninmanysocieties,andshedslightonallkindsofoppression.Question___________arefundamentalframesofreference.A.perspectivesB.theoriesC.paradigmsD.methodsAnswer:CParadigmsarefundamentalframesofreference.Question_______________canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.A.symbolicinteractionismB.conflicttheoryC.structuralfunctionalismD.feministtheoryE.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:ASymbolicinteractionismcanlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.Women’sWaysofKnowing5perspectivesonknowingthatchallengetheviewofinquiryasstraightforward:1.Silence:Somewomenfeelisolatedfromknowledge,theirlivesarelargelydeterminedbyexternalauthorities.Women’sWaysofKnowing2.Receivedknowledge:Womenfeelcomfortabletakinginknowledgefromexternalauthorities.3.Subjectiveknowledge:Opentothepossibilityofpersonal,subjectiveknowledge,includingintuition.Women’sWaysofKnowing4.Proceduralknowledge:Learninghowtogainknowledgethroughobjectiveprocedures.5.Constructedknowledge:Womenviewknowledgeascontextual,experiencethemselvesascreatorsofknowledgeandvaluesubjectiveandobjectivewaysofknowing.SocialScienceParadigms:CriticalRaceTheoryInthemid-1970s,civilrightsactivistsandsocialscientistsbeganthecodificationofaparadigmbasedonacommitmenttoracialjustice.TheconceptofinterestconvergencesuggeststhatlawswillonlybechangedtobenefitAfricanAmericansifthosechangesfurthertheinterestsofwhites.AschExperimentPurposewastoseewhethersubjectswereswayedbypressuretogoalongwithanincorrectanswer.Initialexperiments,foundthatalittleover1/3ofsubjectswere.ElementsofSocialTheoryTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.Aparadigmoffersawayoflooking,atheoryaimsatexplainingwhatwesee.Insocialresearch,observationreferstoseeing,hearing,and—lesscommonly—touching.ElementsofSocialTheorySocialscientistsusefacttorefertoaphenomenonthathasbeenobserved.Scientistsorganizemanyfactsunder“rules”calledlaws.Avariableisaspecialkindofconcept.Axiomsorpostulatesareassertions,takentobetrue,onwhichatheoryisgrounded.ElementsofSocialTheoryPropositionsarespecificconclusions,derivedfromtheaxiomaticgroundwork,abouttherelationshipsamongconcepts.Ahypothesisisaspecifiedtestableexpectationaboutempiricalrealitythatfollowsfromamoregeneralproposition.Researchisdesignedtotesthypotheses.Question__________is/aresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.A.answersB.knowledgeC.practicalityD.theoriesE.truthAnswer:DTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.TraditionalModelofScienceTherearethreemainelementsinthetraditionalmodelofs