高考英语英语语法专题:名词PPT下载

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名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)ProperNouns:专有名词指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear’sDay注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写CommonNouns:专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词集体名词army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public1.Hisfamily________large.2.Hisfamily_______allmusiclovers.他的家不是个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。isn’tare在不少情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。Theaudience_____________excitedbytheshow.was/were集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。MaterialNouns(物质名词):指无法分为个体的东西。beer;cloth;cotton;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:1)表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”时,物质名词可用作可数名词。Twostrongblackcoffees,please.Threebeers,please.Itwasaspecialtea.2)个别物质名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。rainssnowswaters(两份)(三杯)(一种)(雨季)(积雪)(海域)AbstractNouns(抽象名词):表示一些抽象的概念。education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。1.He’slearningFrenchforfun.2.Iwishyougoodluck.当这类词具体化时,可以加冠词。1.Heworkshardforthewelfare(福利)ofthepoor.2.Afterabriefpeace,warbrokeoutagain.有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系)aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜板)atin(罐头)apaper(报纸,证件,论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人,美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚)英语中有许多对词,一个可数,一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发)1.一般情况加-s1)清辅音后读/s/mapsbooks2)浊辅音和元音后读/z/bagscars名词复数的规则变化及读音重点名词复数2.以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加–es,读/iz/busesdisheswatchesboxes特例:以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时,只加–s,读/s/。stomachs3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加–s,es读/iz/casesbridgesexerciseschanges名词复数的规则变化及读音5.以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变复数:读/z/twoMarystheHenrysmonkeysholidays4.以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加es,ies读/iz/party-partiesbaby---babies名词复数的规则变化及读音6.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加-s读/s/roofsgulfschiefssafescliffsbeliefsb.去f,fe加-ves,读/vz/half-halvesknife-knivesself-selvesleaf-leaveswolf-wolvesshelf-shelveslife-livesthief-thieveswife-wivesc.均可handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieveshoof(蹄)-hoofs/hooves名词复数的规则变化及读音妻子(wife)在书架(shelf)上拿了一片叶子(leaf)当做小刀(knife)把小偷(thief)当做狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)后自己(self)逃命(life)了。一个首领(chief)带着一个信念(belief)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。7.字母o结尾,有生命的加es,无生命的加s,读/z/。tomatoespotatoesheroespianosphotoskilostobaccosradioszoosbamboos名词复数的规则变化及读音foot-feettooth-teeth名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseooeechild-childrenmouse-miceox-oxen+enouseiceman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachers只要是含man的,复数为men,如名词有man或woman修饰的,变成复数时两个词都要变成复数。单数复数basisanalysisbacteriumdatummediumphenomenonbasesanalysesbacteriadatamediaphenomena名词复数的不规则变化(2):单复数形式相同sheepdeermeans(方法)series(系列)speciesworks(著作,工厂)ChineseJapanese国家人的名词需要记住三种情况:1、单复数同形:Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形:English-Englishman3、加–s或-es:German–Germans中日不变英法变,其余S加后面。1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用,常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。MrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A.brothers-in-lawB.brother-in-lawsC.brothers-in-lawsD.brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数,如:managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如:grown-ups。1.以s结尾的复数名词后只加撇号不加s。如:teachers’office。2.表示两个或多人共有的,在最后一个名词后加’s。如:TomandJohn’sroom。3.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,1.如:thebarber's理发店。名词的所有格名词的所有格有两种形式:’s式和of式。一般说来,表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用’s,但还须注意以下几点:1.MissSmithisafriendof________.A.Mary'smother'sB.Mary'smotherC.Mother'sofMaryD.Marymother's2.-Where’syourbrother?-At_____.A.Mr.Green’sB.Mr.GreenC.theMr.Green’sD.theMr.Green3.—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmightbemy________A.neighbour'sB.neighbourC.neighbours1.Tomisaworker.()2.TheChildren’sPalaceisnearJane’shome.()3.Shegavemesomegoodadvice.()主语,介词宾语动词宾语名词在句中所做的成分主语,表语4.Hedidn’tgotherebecauseofhisillness.()5.WemadeTomourmonitor.()6.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.()介词宾语宾语补足语同位语7.Theauthor’snameisonthecoverofthebook.()8.Thisbookisofgreatuse.()主语,介词宾语主语,介词宾语可数与不可数名词的修饰语1.只修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只修饰不可数的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。3.修饰可数和不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。•名词在高考中的运用1.Divorcedmenmustpaymoneyfortheirchildrenandsometimespayalimonytotheirwives.A.moneyB.dressesC.attentionD.visits2.Pleaseanswerthequestionsinthequesti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