(WTO架构下之贸易谈判)

TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducationUnit6I.IntroductionII.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchangeIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsIV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeV.ConclusionQuestion1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChina’sentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChina’stradebehaviorandChina’srelationswithitstradingpartners?↗Source:“consultedinMarch2009”.US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.↓Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.↓Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.↓Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.China’sarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.↓∴TheU.S.AwelcomedChina’sentryintotheWTOAmericans’andWesternCountries’ExpectationsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChina’srestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChina’stradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008010203019981999200020012002200320042005200620072008YearAnnualGrowthRate(%)Source:“US-ChinaTradeStatisticsandChina’sWorldTradeStatistics”US-ChinaBusinessCouncil,“consultedinMarch2009”.*Chinanowisworld’sthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworld’sthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChina’stotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChina’slargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChina’slargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmerica’sthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmerica’sfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmerica’sbiggestimportsupplier.US-ChinaTradeStructure:Table1:TopUSExportstoChina2007----------------------------------------------------1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Airandspacecraft4.Oilseedsandoleaginousfruits5.Plasticsandarticlesthereof6.Opticsandmedicalequipment7.Ironandsteel8.Copperandarticlesthereof9.Organicchemicals10.Pulpandpaperboard--------------------------------------------------------------Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,“consultedinMarch2009”.↗Sourceofthephotos:://://“consultedinMarch2009”.Table2:TopUSImportsfromChina2007---------------------------------------------------------------1.Electricalmachineryandequipment2.Powergenerationequipment3.Toysandgames4.Apparel5.Furniture6.Footwearandpartsthereof7.Ironandsteel8.Plasticsandarticlesthereof9.Leatherandtravelgoods10.Vehiclesotherthanrailway----------------------------------------------------------------Source:TheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,“consultedinMarch2009”.↗Sourceofthephotos:://://farm2.static.flickr.com/1220/1145199436_c9e7505313.jpg;“consultedinMarch2009”.Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:(1)theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelations(2)inthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008ChinahasbecometheUSA’slargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.TradeDisputesandConflictsAppearedQuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:China’sMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPRIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitment▼AppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedispute▼TheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)▼The“AppellateBody”canamendt