攻击与争议之后——解读斯金纳的《言语行为》主要内容斯金纳的生平及贡献《言语行为》简介《言语行为》第4,6,13,17章解读斯金纳的生平及贡献(1/4)1904-1990美国在世的心理学家中最有影响的,在人类行为科学中最引起争辩的人物。——美国《时代》周刊即使弗洛伊德也没有引起赞同者和敌对者完全不同的两个对立的阵容。不管是怎样看待斯金纳的工作,把他看成人类的救星或奴役者,我们都没法否定他对现代心理学的影响。——《现代心理学》作者舒尔茨斯金纳的生平及贡献(2/4)1922年进入汉密尔顿学院,专修英文攻读生物学,胚胎学、解剖学、中枢神经系统生理学,读了华生和巴普洛夫的著作1930年获哈佛心理学硕士,1931年获哲学博士学位。留校从事研究1936-1944明尼苏达大学任讲师、副教授1945年人印第安纳大学心理系教授、系主任1948哈佛大学心理学教授至1974年退休斯金纳的生平及贡献(3/4)主要著作1938《有机体的行为:一种实验分析》1971《超越自由与尊严》1948《沃登第二》1974《关于行为主义》1953《科学与人类行为》1976ParticularsofMyLife:PartOneofanAutobiography1957SchedulesofReinforcement1978ReflectionsonBehaviorismandSociety1957《言语行为》1979TheShapingofaBehaviorist:PartTwoofanAutobiography《一个行为主义者的塑造》1959CumulativeRecord:DefinitiveEdition1983AMatterofConsequences:PartThreeofanAutobiography《后果问题》1961TheAnalysisofBehavior:AProgramforSelf-Instruction1983EnjoyOldAge:AProgramofSelf-Management1968《教学技术》1987UponFurtherReflection1969强化的相倚关系:一种理论分析1989RecentIssuesintheAnalysisofBehavior斯金纳的生平及贡献(4/4)“教学机器之父”。1958年美国心理学会授予他“卓越科学贡献奖”1968年他荣获美国国家科学奖章,这是美国最高级别的科学奖励1971年美国心理学基金会授予他一枚金质奖章1990年8月10日美国心理学会授予他“心理学毕生贡献奖”荣誉证书《言语行为》简介-Noblackscorpion(1/6)《言语行为》研究的起源In1934,inacasualdiscussionwithProfessorAlfredNorthWhiteheadatadiningtable…He(Whitehead)broughtthediscussiontoaclosewithafriendlychallenge:“Letmeseeyou,”hesaid,“accountformybehaviorasIsitheresaying,‘Noblackscorpionisfallinguponthistable.’”thenextmorningIdrewuptheoutlineofthepresentstudy(Skinner1957:457).《言语行为》简介-Noblackscorpion(2/6)Therewasnoblackscorpionfallingonthetable.Theresponsewasemittedtomakeapoint…outoftheblue.…meanttobeaposerjustbecauseitwasnotobviouslycontrolledbyapresentstimulus.Theresponsemayhavebeenweaklydetermined,butitwasnotnecessarilyfree.Thestimulusmaynothavebeenmuch,butinadeterminedsystemitmusthavebeensomething.Theblackscorpionwasametaphoricalresponsetothetopicunderdiscussion.Theblackscorpionwasbehaviorism.(ibid:458)《言语行为》简介-Noblackscorpion(3/6)HeproposedthatWhiteheadwasunconsciouslyexpressingafearofbehaviorism,likeningittoablackscorpionthathewouldnotallowtointrudeintohisphilosophy(Corballis1999).Ihopethathewillagreethattheanalysishasshownrespectforhumanachievementandthatitiscompatiblewithasenseofdignity-inshort,thatnoblackscorpionhasfallenuponthistable(ibid:460).《言语行为》简介(4/6)SkinneroncesaidthathismostimportantworkwasVerbalBehavior,andhesuggestedthat,inthelongrun,itmighthavethegreatestimpactonpsychologyofanyofhisideas(Lattal1992).对言语行为的说明是斯金纳行为主义理论体系的重要方面。他的《言语行为》一书历时23载才完成从写作到出版的过程,据此可见他在这一领域所耗费的心血。另一方面,却恰恰是这个领域,让斯金纳遭到了无力反击的攻击,也可以说是他的行为操作强化理论受到重大伤害的一个突破口(乐国安1999)。《言语行为》简介(5/6)Verbalbehavior:behaviorreinforcedthroughthemediationofotherpersons(Skinner1957:14).…emphasizestheindividualspeakerand…specifiesbehaviorshapedandmaintainedbymediatedconsequences(ibid:2).《言语行为》简介(6/6)Menactupontheworld,andchangeit,andarechangedinturnbytheconsequencesoftheiraction(ibid:1).Theextenttowhichweunderstandverbalbehaviorina“causal”analysisistobeassessedfromtheextenttowhichwecanpredicttheoccurrenceofspecificinstancesand,eventually,fromtheextenttowhichwecanproduceorcontrolsuchbehaviorbyalteringtheconditionsunderwhichitoccurs(ibid:3).《言语行为》一书结构PartI:AProgramPartII:ControllingVariablesVerbalbehaviorunderthecontrolofverbalstimuliSpecialconditionsaffectingstimuluscontrolPartIII:MultipleVariablesPartIV:TheManipulationofVerbalBehaviorGrammarandsyntaxasautocliticprocessesPartV:TheProductionofVerbalBehaviorSelf-strengtheningofverbalbehavior术语-StimuluscontrolPriorstimuliinathree-termcontingencyofreinforcement:inthepresenceofagivenstimulus,agivenresponseischaracteristicallyfollowedbyagivenreinforcement.Suchacontingencyisapropertyoftheenvironment.Whenitprevails,theorganismnotonlyacquirestheresponsewhichachievesreinforcement,itbecomesmorelikelytoemitthatresponseinthepresenceofthepriorstimulus.(ibid:31)S-R-R术语-StimuluscontrolByreinforcingwithcandywestrengthentheresponseCandy!…Subsequentlywecontroltheresponse,notbyfurtherreinforcement,butbydeprivingthechildwithcandy(ibid:31).术语GeneralizedconditionedreinforcerAnyeventwhichcharacteristicallyprecedesmanydifferentreinforcerscanbeusedasareinforcertobringbehaviorunderthecontrolofallappropriateconditionsofdeprivationandaversivestimulation(ibid:53).Example:approval术语Sixoperants:MandTactEchoic,textual,intraverbal,autoclitics.术语-MandAmandmaybedefinedasaverbaloperantinwhichtheresponseisreinforcedbyacharacteristicconsequenceandisthereforeunderthefunctionalcontrolofrelevantconditionsofdeprivationoraversivestimulation(Skinner1957:36).祈令语:一种言语操作反应,由有特征的结果强化,所以对它进行功能控制的是短缺状态或反感性刺激作用等条件。包括疑问、请求、命令、威胁等等(王宗炎1982a)Example:Candy!Passthesalt!术语-tactTact:averbaloperantinwhicharesponseofgivenformisevoked(oratleaststrengthened)byaparticularobjectoreventorpropertyofanobjectorevent.(skinner1957:81-82)Tact触发反应,触发语:言语操作反应,这个具有一定形式的反应,是由特定的对象或事件,或者这对象或事件的性质诱发(至少是增强)的。Inatact,theresponserefersto,mentions,announces,talksabout,names,denotes,describesitsstimulus(ibid:81).第四章言语刺激控制下的言语行为言语行为定义举例回声行为(echoicbehavior)Theresponsegeneratesasound-patternsimilartothatofthestimu