评斯金纳《言语行为》--ppt课件

ReviewVerbalBehaviorbyB.F.Skinner评斯金纳著《言语行为》陶强2016.10.111PPT课件Structureofthearticle文章结构2PPT课件Thereare11partsinthearticle1.thegeneralproblem2.theexperimentalcontext3~4thebasicconceptsofstimulus,responseandreinforcement5.thestatusofthefundamentalclaim6~10thenewdescriptivemachineryforthedescriptionofverbalbehavior11.somewaysinclarifyingtheproblemsofSkinner'sstudy3PPT课件1.ThegeneralproblemThemaincontenttowhichSkineer'sbookisaddressedisthatofgivinga“functionalanalysis”ofverbalbehavior.Here,skinnermeansidentificationofthevariablesthatcontrolone'sbehaviorandspecificationofhowtheyinteracttodetermineaparticularverbalbehavior.Whatisverbal—behaviortheory？4PPT课件1.ThegeneralproblemSkinner'sanalysisoflanguageincludesinformationonthereinforcementandpunishmentoflanguageandtheimportantaspectsofstimuluscontrolandmotivationthatimpactlanguagedevelopment.Skinner'sthesisisthatexternalfactorsconsistingofpresentstimulationandthehistoryofreinforcementareofoverwhelmingimportance.5PPT课件1.ThegeneralproblemHowever,Chomskybelievesthatverbalbehaviorismuchmorecomplicated.verbalbehaviorexternalfactorsinternalfactors6PPT课件2.Theexperimentalcontextreinforcingeventoccasion7PPT课件2.TheexperimentalcontextAretheythesame?Thenotionof“stimulus”,“response”,“reinforcement”arerelativelywelldefinedwithrsepecttothebar-pressingexperimentsandotherssimilarlyrestricted.Butifweextendthesetermstoreal-lifebehavior,certaindifficultiesmustbefaced.(What?)8PPT课件2.TheexperimentalcontextInthefirstplace,whetheranyphysicaleventtowhichtheorganism(生物机体)iscapableofreactingistobecalledastimulus(刺激)onagivenaccasion(契机)oronlyonetowhichtheorganisminfactreacts？Inthesecondplace，whetheranypartofbehavioristobecalledaresponse，oronlyoneconnectedwithstimuliinlawfulway？behaviorhasnotbeendemonstratedtobelawful(有规律的)fortheotherfactorssuchasattention,set,volitionandcapricealsohaveanoverwhelminginfluence.behaviorislawful，butitisoflimitedsignificanceformostofwhatanimaldoeswillnotsimplybeconsideredbehavior.9PPT课件2.theexperimentalcontextChomskyarguesthatSkinnerutlizestheexperimentalresultsasevidenceforthescientificcharacterofhissystemofbehavior,andanalogicguesses(类比推测)asevidenceforitsscope.Thiscreatstheillusionofarigorousscientifictheorywithaverybroadscope,althoughinfactthetermsusedinthedescriptionofareal-lifeandoflaboratorybehavior（实验室行为）maybemerehomonyms,withatmostavaguesimilarityofmeaning.10PPT课件3.StimulusandresponseForSkinner：Apartoftheenvironmentandapartofbehaviorarecalledstimulusandresponseonlyiftheyarelawfullyrelated;thatisthe“dynamiclaws”relatingthemshowsmoothandreproduciblecurves.11PPT课件3.StimulusandresponseExamples：Oh!Mozart!Oh!Dutch!12PPT课件3.StimulusandresponseForSkinner：Eachoftheseresponsesisunderthecontrolofsomedifferentstimuluspropertyofthephysicalobject.Forexample:•Welookataredchairandsayred.(rednessred)•Welookataredchairandsaychair.(chairnesschair)13PPT课件3.StimulusandresponseForChomsky：IhaveoftenusedthewordsEisenhower(艾森豪威尔)andMoscow,whichipresumearepropernounsifanythingis,buthaveneverbeen”stimulated”bythecorrespondingobjects.SupposethatIusethenameofafriendwhoisnotpresent.Isthisaninstanceofapropernoununderthecontrolofthefriendasstimulus?Simply,sometimestheresponsehasnothingtodowiththesocalled“stimulus”.14PPT课件3.Stimulusandresponse•Welookataredchairandsayred.(rednessred)•Welookataredchairandsaychair.(chairnesschair)Chomskyarguesthatweidentifythestimuluswhenweheartheresponse.Thetalkof“stimuluscontrol”simplydisguisesacompleteretreattomentalisticpsychology(心灵主义心理学).Wecannotpredictverbalbehaviorintermsofthestimuliinthespeaker'senviornment,sincewedonotknowwhatthecurrentstimuliareuntilheresponds.What'stheproblemhere?15PPT课件3.StimulusandresponseAllinall,Chomskyarguesthatthewayinwhichthesetermsarebroughttobearontheactualdataindicatesthatwemustinterpretthemasmereparaphrasesforthepopularvocabularycommomlyusedtodescribebehavior,andhasnoparticularconnectionwiththehomonymousexpressionsusedinthedescroptionoflaboratoryexperiments.Naturally,thisterminologicalrevisionaddsnoobjectivitytothefamiliar“mentalistic”modeofdescription.他把这些名词那样移用于真实的研究对象，使我们不得不把这些名词看作替代描写行为的常用语的一些字眼。这样用的字眼，与那些用以描写动物实验的词，虽则声音相同，实则毫无关系。自然，这样把语用改变一下，是并不能给常见的“心灵主义”描写法添上什么客观性的。（王宗炎，1982）16PPT课件4.ReinforcementForSkinner:Theoperationofreinforcementisthepresentationofacertainkindofstimulusinatemporalrelationwitheitherastimulusorresponse.Areinforcingstimulusissuchbyitspowertoproducetheresultingchange.Herearesomeexamplesinhisbook:1.Amantalkstohimselfbecauseofthereinforcementhereceives.2.Thechildisreinforcedautomaticallywhenheduplicatesthesoundofairplanesandstreetcars.3.theyoungchildaloneinthenurserymayautomaticallyreinforcehisownexploratoryverbalbehaviorwhenheproducessoundwhichhehasheardinthespeechofothers.4.Theartistisreinforcedbytheeffectshisworkshaveuponothers.5.Oneisreinforcedwhenhehearshisname.17PPT课件4.ReinforcementForChomsky:Wecanseethatthenotionofreinforcementhastotallylostwhateverobjectivemeaning(客观意义)itmayeverhavehad.Runningthroughtheseexamples,weseethatapersoncanbereinforcedthoughheemitsnoresponseatall,andthatthereinfor