写作与修辞contrast and comparison的用法与比较

DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastComparisonandcontrastaretwothinkingprocessesweconstantlyperforminourdailylife.Wemightcompareandcontrasttwocities,twoproducts,twobooks,twoplaysorfilms,etc.althoughcomparisonusuallyindentifiessimilaritiesandcontrastpointsoutdifferences,thetwoarestructurallysimilarandcanbediscussedtogether.Thepurposeofcomparingorcontrastingistounderstandeitherofthetwothingsmoreclearlyand,attimes,tomakejudgmentsaboutthem.Subject-by-subjectPattern1.stressiscausedbydailyhavingtocontendwithcrowdsofpeopleandrestrictedspace.2.Travelinrushhourcanbearealheadache.3.Pollutionofvariouskindsistheresultofindustrialization.4.Carsspewtoxicfumesintotheatmosphere.5.Noisebellowsoutfromeveryside.1.Herethepaceoflifeisgentle.2.Thereistimetoreflectonthebeautyoftheworld.3.Inavillage,lifeisclosertonature.Thechangingseasonscanbeclearlyobserved.4.Therisamplespaceforeveryone,andfreshairtobreathe.Subject-by-subjectPatternForAmericans‘alongtime’maybeanythingfromfortyyearstofortyminutes,dependingonthecircumstances.ToanAmericanbusinessmanaproposalthatcouldbecompletedwithinfortyyearsmightbe‘toofarintothefuture’tobeconsidered.Amotoristwhogetsinvolvedinatrafficaccidentwouldbeingreattroublewiththepoliceifhewaitedtwenty-fourhourstoreporttheaccident.Anhourwouldbetoolongatimetobelateforabusinessappointmentoradate.Americansaresotime-consciousthatpromptnessisnotonlyavirtue;itisanobligation.Subject-by-subjectPatternButmanyothercultureshavenosuchconceptof‘alongtime’.DuringWWII,alocaltruckdriverarrivedbreathlesslyatmilitarygovernmentheadquartersreportthatamurdererwasrunninglooseinhisvillage.Underquestionhetoldthemthemurderhadoccurredseventeenyearsearlierandthatthemurdererhadremainedunmolestedinthevillageallthetime.InaSouthAmericancity,anAmericanwasaskedtopresentimmediatelyhiscredentialstoalocalofficialandwaskeptwaitingoutsidehisofficeforalmosttwohours.Forsuchpeople,promptnessisnotonlyunreasonablebutalsoirritating.TheyoftenwonderwhyAmericansmakesuchafussaboutit.ToaSouthAsianperson,alongtimemaybe1,000years,orevenforever.A.Americans’conceptof“alongtime”:_______________________________.Examples:(1)___________________(2)___________________(3)___________________Attitudestopromptness:___________B.Othercultures’conceptsof“alongtime”:___________________________Examples:(1)___________________(2)___________________(3)___________________SummaryInsubject-by-subjectpattern,wediscussthetwosubjectsseparately,thatistosay,wediscussallofthecharacteristicsofsubdivisionsofthefirstsubjectinthefirsthalfandthenpresentallthecharacteristicsoftheotherinthesecondhalf.Theaspectsexaminedinthetwosubjectsshouldbethesameandinbothparts,weshouldfollowthesamelogicalorderforeachsubject.Point-by-pointPatternLifeinthecityisquitedifferentfromlifeinthesuburbs.Peoplelivinginthecityareconstantlyexposedtothehustleandbustleofurbanlife.However,lifeinthesuburbsisgenerallyquietandcasualthanthatinthecity.Ifcitydwellerswanttoseetreesandgrass,theyhavetogotooneofthepublicparks.Ontheotherhand,thestreetsofmanysuburbancommunitiesarelinedwithtreesandeachhousehasitsowngrassyyard.Apersonlivinginthecityisclosetomanysourcesofentertainment,butasuburbandwellermustgointothecityforentertainment.SummaryInpoint-by-pointpattern,thewritercomparesandcontrastsbothsubjectsitemafteritem.Hestructureshisparagrapharoundpointsofcomparisoninsteadofsubjects,movingbackandforthbetweenthesubjects.Thespecificsofbothsubjectsareplacedclosetogetherfordirectandimmediatecomparisonandcontrast,andtransitionsareoftenusedsoastoavoidabruptswitchingbetweenthetwosubjects.Thepoint-by-pointpatternworksbestwithsubjectsthatcontainalotofpoints.Itcanbringintosharpfocusthesimilaritiesanddifferencesforthereadertoseeashereadsalong.AbriefconsiderationofEgyptianmythologyandthemythologyoftheGreeksisenoughtoconvinceusoftherevolutioninthoughtthatmusthavetakenplacefromoneagetotheother.TheEgyptiangodshadnoresemblancetoanythingintherealworld;theGreekgodswerefashionedafterrealGreekpeople.TheEgyptianartists’interpretationsofthedivinewerehorridbestialshapesthatcombinedmen’sheadswithbird’sbodiesorterrifyingnightmares.ThemonstrositiesofaninvisibleworldwerewhattheEgyptiansworshiped.TheGreekinterpretationofdivinityisnotsodarkapicture.TheGreekswerepreoccupiedwiththevisibleworld.Theyfoundtheirdesiressatisfiedinwhattheycouldactuallyseearoundthem.TheancientstatuesofApollo,forinstance,resemblethestrongyoungbodiesofathletescontendingintheOlympicGames.GenerallytheGreekartistsfoundtheirgodsinidealizedbeautyorintelligenceofactualhumancounterparts.Theyhadnowishtocreatesomehideousfantasythattheycalledgod.LinkingdevicesAbriefconsiderationofEgyptianmythologyandthemythologyoftheGreeksisenoughtoconvinceusoftherevolutioninthoughtthatmusthavetakenplacefromoneagetotheother.TheEgyptiangodshadnoresemblancetoanythingintherealworld;theGreekgodswerefashionedafterrealGreekpeople.AbriefconsiderationofEgyptianmythologycontrastedwiththemythologyoftheGreeksisenoughtoconvinceusoftherevolutioninthoughtthatmusthavetakenplacefromoneagetotheother.TheEgyptiangodsha