MR在肝脏病变诊断中的应用腹部MR基础主要临床适应证MRI是弥漫性肝病变最好的检查方法–肝脏铁质沉着–肝脂肪侵润MR对富血管的肝局灶恶性占位的诊断超过SpiralCT–原发性肝癌–原发富血管恶性肿瘤的肝转移MR对导管栓塞治疗的效果或是否复发的评价较准确主要临床适应证MRI是局灶恶性肝肿瘤采取部分切除所选用的最准确的非创伤性检查方法MRI有时被应用于确定肝局灶病变的范位MRI应用于不能进行增强CT扫描的病人扫描技术(Technique)T1-weightedimage(T1权重像)T2-weightedimage(T2权重像)–肝脏扫描最基本的要求Gd-DTPA增强扫描–FMPSPGRorSGE(Spoiledgradientecho)–快速静脉注射(rapidbolusinjection)–连续扫描(serialimaging)或动态扫描(Dynamicstudy)T1加权序列(T1-weightedSequences)自旋回波(spin-echo,SE)反转恢复(inversionrecovery,IR)SpoiledGRFLASH(fastlowangleshot)FMPSPGR(fastmultiplanarspoiledgradient)Turbo-FLASHT1-加权序列(T1-weightedSequences)减少呼吸运动伪影–呼吸补偿(Respiratorycompensation)相同TR的情况下层数减少只能用于SE序列–屏气快速扫描病人需要比较配合屏气T1加权像(Breath-HoldT1-weightedimage)高场强MR(1.0T)MR系统,肝脏T1WI大部分用breath-holdSGR(FMPSPGR)优点–快速数据采集–避免呼吸运动伪影–单一屏气能够完成整个肝脏成像–很好的T1WI最佳参数(Optimalparameters)SGRorFMPSPGR相对较长TR–100-150msecInphaseimaging–TE:6msec(1.0T),TE:4msec(1.5T)–Flipangle60-90degree–1NEX,matrixsize:256x128–14-22slices,20secT2加权成像(T2-weightedimaging)常规自旋回波–ConventionalSpin-Echo快速自旋回波–Fastspin-echo(FSE)–Turbospin-echo(TSE)半Fourier单一发射的TSE(HASTE)–HalfFouriersingleshotturbospin-echo层面回波成像:Echoplanarimage(EPI)T2加权像伪影(Artifact)化学位移伪影(chemicalshiftartifact)–脂肪抑制(fatsuppression)–脂肪抑制能明显提高病变的检出率运动伪影(Motionartifact)–呼吸补偿(RC)–呼吸门控(R-trigger)–屏气(Breath-Hold)Breath-holdT2WIofabdomenRARE–rapidacquisitionwithspin-echoFISP–fastimagingwithsteady-statefreeprecessionFSEorTSE–fastspin-echoTurbo-FLASHEPI–echo-planarimagingBreath-holdT2WIofabdomenBreath-holdT2WIFSEorTSE–TR:3000-4500msec,TE:85-112msec,ETL:20-30–FOV:矩型扫描-减少phase方向K空间的填充-减少扫描时间–Matrixsize:256x128–NEX:1–Thichness:8mm,Gap:2mm或7mm/3mm–Fat-sat,FC,Sat-SI–AcquisitionTime:20-30secBreath-holdT2WIofabdomen8-shotEPI–TR:2000msec,TE:45msec–FOV:38x28cm–Matrixsize:256x128–NEX:1–Thickness:8mm,Gap:2mm–Fat-sat,FC,Sat-SI–AcquisitionTime:18secBreath-HoldT2WIofAbdomenAdvantages–entireliverimaginginsinglebreath-hold–nomotionartifact–betterlesionconspicuityInphase&Out-of-phaseimaging主要应用于脂肪肝和肝铁质沉着的诊断脂肪肝–Inphaseimages,Highsignalintensity–Out-of-phaseimages,Signalintensitydecreased肝铁质沉着–Inphaseimages,Lowsignalintensity–Out-of-phase,SignalintensityincreasedInphase&Out-of-phaseimaging两者差别在于TE的不同,与TR及角度无关Inphaseimaging–TE6msec(1.0T)–TE4msec(1.5T)Out-of-phaseimaging–TE4msec(1.0T)–TE2msec(1.5T)对比增强(ContrastEnhancement)动态扫描是最佳扫描方式–动脉相(Arterialphase)–门脉相(Portalphase)–延迟相(Delayedphase)对比增强(ContrastEnhancement)最常用的造影剂是gadolinium–非特异性细胞外间隙造影剂特异性造影剂–只对某些特定的组织起增强作用FeridexMn-DPDP和Gd-EOB-DTPA–肝细胞特异性造影剂,由肝细胞分泌经胆道排泄,部分经肾脏排泄。Multi-hance对比增强(ContrastEnhancement)Arterialphase–打药后立即扫描.大约30秒–造影剂在肝动脉和门脉内,肝静脉内没有造影剂–对富血管的恶性肿瘤的检出特别重要对比增强(ContrastEnhancement)PortalPhase–大约在打药后1分钟–所有肝血管都增强–显示肝增强的峰值–少血管病灶与肝脏之间的对比最强对比增强(ContrastEnhancement)DelayedPhase–打药后2分钟以后–造影剂广泛进入组织间质,特别是水肿的组织.如:新生结节,炎症区,纤维组织–肝血管瘤一般需延迟5-10分钟正常解剖(NormalAnatomy)肝脏被分成左右两叶和尾叶–右叶分成前后段–左叶分成内外段–尾叶有自己的引流静脉直接入IVC正常解剖(NormalAnatomy)目前肝被分成8个段分段的基础是根据门脉供应及肝静脉的引流右,中,左肝静脉从纵的方向;右,左肝门蒂从横的方向将肝分成8个段正常解剖(NormalAnatomy)肝脏的8个段–第1段:尾叶–第2段:左叶外上段–第3段:左叶外下段–第4段:左叶内侧段(方叶)–第5段:右叶前下段–第6段:右叶后下段–第7段:右叶后上段–第8段:右叶前上段肝实质的病变(Diseaseofthehepaticparenchyma)弥漫性肝实质病变(Diffuseliverparenchymaldisease)–脂肪肝(Fattyliver)–病毒性肝炎(Viralhepatitis)–放射性肝炎(Radiation-inducedhepatitis)–肝硬化(Cirrhosis)–铁质沉着(Ironoverload)肝实质的病变(Diseaseofthehepaticparenchyma)肝血管异常(HepaticVascularDisorders)–门脉血栓(PortalThrombosis)–Budd-ChiariSyndrome肝移植(HepaticTransplantation)脂肪肝(FattyLiver)脂肪累积在肝细胞内–糖尿病(Diabetesmellitus)–肥胖症(Obesity)–营养不良(Malnutrition)–暴露于乙醛或其他化学毒素以后(Followingexposuretoethanolorotherchemicaltoxins)脂肪肝(Fattyliver)脂肪肝可以干扰CT&US对局灶肝肿块的检出MRnonfat-suppressedT1WI,fat-suppressedT2WI可以区分局灶脂肪肝和肿瘤Inphase&out-of-phase是诊断脂肪肝的最佳MR序列脂肪肝在inphase像上信号较高在out-of-phase像上信号明显降低In-phaseOut-of-phase铁质沉着(Ironoverload)MRI不但敏感而且具有特异性降低T2&T2*的弛豫时间–信号降低T1WIinphase低信号,out-of-phase信号增高–磁敏感性效应(Magneticsusceptibilityeffect)In-phaseOut-of-phase病毒性肝炎(ViralHepatitis)病毒性肝炎-----慢性肝炎-----肝硬化急性病毒性肝炎–不须影像诊断慢性病毒性肝炎–影像可以评价肝硬化或HCC急,慢性肝炎–T2WI示门脉周围高信号.但无特异性放射性肝炎(Radiation-inducedHepatitis)主要表现为水肿–T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号打药延迟像肝增强比正常肝明显增多肝硬化(Cirrhosis)肝各叶比例失调–T1,T2信号都降低(纤维化,铁质沉着)再生结节–粗大扭曲的肝结构–不均匀的再生–肝细胞营养不良–MRT2WI低信号25%的再生结节蓄积的铁比周围肝实质多InPhaseOutofPhaseT2WIFrfse肝硬化(Cirrhosis)硬化肝的萎缩(Atrophyofcirrhoticliver)–右叶和左叶内侧段萎缩–剩下的尾叶和左叶外侧段肥大(Hypertrophy)门脉高压(Portalhypertension)–最常见的原因是肝硬化–其次是肝静脉阻塞,--再次是门脉阻塞–MR诊断的最好方法是用phasecontrast测flow方向肝血管异常(HepaticVascularDisorders)门脉血栓(PortalThrombosis)–Blackblood&Brightblood技术可以证明血栓的存在–MR通常用于确定血栓的类型肿瘤血栓(Tumorthrombus):T2WI高,TOF中等,T1+C有增强无症状或外界压迫形成的血栓:T2WI&TOF低信号,T1+C无增强SE-T1WISPGR-T1WIFSE-T2WIT1WI+C30Sec1min3min5min肝血管异常(Hepaticvasculardisorders)Budd-ChiariSyndrome–起因于肝静脉向外引流的梗阻–结果门脉高压(Portalhypertension)腹水(Ascites)进行性肝功衰竭(Progressivehepaticfailure)–MRIFlowvoid&brightbloodT1+C肝周边增强程度比中央高肝实质的病变(Diseaseofthehepaticparenchyma)肿瘤(Masslesions)–良性肿瘤(Benigntumors)囊肿(Cysts)血管瘤(Hemangioma)肝腺瘤(Hepaticadenomas)局灶结节增生(FocalnodularhyperplasiaFNH)肝实质的病变(Diseaseofthehepaticparenchyma)肿瘤(Masslesions)–恶性肝肿瘤(MalignantTumors)肝转移瘤(Livermetastases)淋巴瘤(Lymphoma)肝