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2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文12013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义第一部分方法论讲解英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？英文mind中文英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍语义（词汇）语序句子可以是这样的：Thereissomethingbyreasonofwhichmanisman.①Thereissomething.②Manismanbyreasonof(因为)whichthisthing.世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。英语句子的分类：简单句和非简单句简单句的定义：只含有一套主谓结构的句子简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的情况:1.主语+谓语2.主语+谓语+宾语3.主语+谓语+双宾语4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补5.主语+系+表语（表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）William，doyoutakeJerryforyourlawfulwife,tohaveandtohold,fromthisdayforward,forbetter,forworse,forricher,forpoorer,insicknessandinhealth,untildeathdopartyou?简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）1.定语2.同位语3.插入语4.状语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语:修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。（名字n.前后之分）作用和识别：前置定语（可以有多个定语）+nAdj.物主代词；ving(单);；ved（单）；n后置定语：形容词短语astudentunawareofmypresence形容词+介词+名词现在分词短语Otomanfightingwithxiaoguaisou现在分词ving+介+名；ving+名；ving+连词+句子过去分词短语apicturepaintedbyPicassoved+介+名n.+动词不定式短语awaytosolvethisproblemto+v（原形）介词短语anappleonthetable介+名词/（介+代代词就是代替名词的词语）表语形容词作定语后置acatalive表语形容词充当定语后置不定代词定语后置somethingimportant不定代词充当定语后置处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用：1，修饰和限定名词▲2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子3，表示因果关系今生：.Ihavethreebooksofwhichtheredismyfavorite.（ofwhich叫做关系代词）前世：①Ihavethreebooks.②Theredofthosethreebooksismyfavorite.2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文2定语从句的识别：（基本结构）人称代词who,whom,which.that,as名词+连接词+句子关系代词：物主代词whose后加非完整句定语从句的连接词：关系连词：when,where,why,how后加完整句介词+关系代词（就是介词短语）：as,that和who后加完整句/非完整句定语从句的处理方法：1拆分；2，找指代；3，还原Eg1.ApoemlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridge/offwhichtheybothfallintotheriver.Eg2.Manisbornasablanksheetofpaper/onwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Eg3.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.（whose引导的定语从句后面表示因果关系）Eg4.Thesunrisesthatlooksbeautiful.练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：Theambitionmustbehighlyregarded(认同)bypeople/whoarethemselvesadmired.Theeducatedisnotleastamongthem.Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,(Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeople；Peopleareadmiredbypeople.)Amongwhomeducatedisnotleast.Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,(With)Theeducatednot(being)leastamongthem.独立主格结构同位语：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。作用：为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。识别：处理：跳读1A，B，kevin,headofintelligenceservice(情报机关),isquiteNIU.前三种都是对名词进行说明2A—B—A,B都是名字3AorB4句子—A这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词，这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。句子，A5AofBEg1.TheCourtsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffect,acenturies-oldmoralprinciple（名词的修饰）Eg2.Robotswillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionand（并列动词做谓语willhaveto）beabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goals/that(指代goals,修饰整个句子)posearealchallenge.(句子的修饰)AofB为同位语的条件：A为上义词，B为下义词上下义词又称为种属词，如fruit-apple;city-beijing上下义词的作用：增加语言表达的多样性，增加语言表达的正式性如，thecomputer上义词theinvention;thetechnology下义词thePC除了定语从句中，其余句子中that充当的是关系连词，表示只表连接，后面连接的都是完整句。同位语从句：(不属于简单句的范畴)2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文3作用：解释和说明前面一个名词结构识别：名词+连接词（只能用关系连词来充当，不能用关系代词充当，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）；名词+that+句子（完整句）处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后）例子：背。同位语从句Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed-weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,sonsofformerslavesandsonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.Ihaveadreamthatoneday,eventhestateofMississippi（同位语）,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice（后置定语）,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression（后置定语）,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadream（省略了一个that）myfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanation/(定语从句)wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday!FromIHaveaDream~MartinLutherKing插入语：作用：增加语言的表达多样性识别：被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。（任何成分都可充当插入语）处理：跳读P8万能插入语：▲Ratherthan:而不是（肯前否后）I,ratherthananyoneelse,amratherthanwas,thebest,ratherthangood,teacher,ratherthanpolice.=iamthebestteacher.状语：状语在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修饰和限定动词或形容词，有时也修饰整个句子（某些副词来充当的。）例句：Sheisadmittedlyreliable.她是可靠的，这是被承认的。Itispainfullyapparentthatsheisaliar.很明显她是一个骗子，这点令人痛心Heisobviouslyintelligent.她非常聪明，这点很明显。Thetomatoistechnically（从严格的意义上来说）afruit.从严格的意义上来说，西红柿是一个水果。China'slong-termmodernizationprogramunderstandablyandnecessarilyemphasizeseconomicgrowth.中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长，这点是可被理解和必须的。识别：尽量不把状语放在名词后副词adv.ly结尾的，现在分词短语过去分词短语过去不定式短语处理：剥离（从句子中提出来，用“这”开头）介词短语独立主格结构（欠）2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文4例1：（现在分词短语，充当状语，跳读）Usingtechniques（方法）developedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry（过去分词短语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语）,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger（同位语。跳读）,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters（水域）（状语，跳读）,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrocksfromtheoceanfloor（状语，跳读）.(FromTOEFLauthentictest)例2：Afewartcollectors---JamesBowdenⅢofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensAndHamiltonofPhiladelphia---introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists/privileged（过去分词，有个特权）tovisittheirgalleries（翻译前置）,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablished(这里是和introduced并列的)intheirrespectivecommunitiestheidea[“动词+（介词+名1做状语）+名2”]ofthevalueartandtheneedforinstitutions制度/(省略了whichare)devotedtoitsencouragement.（名词翻译成动词）（致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度）(FromTOEFLauthentictest)▲对一种隔离结构的强调1.Theymaintain【withacertainfidelity（忠诚）剥离】theprincipleofthisschool学派.