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中国矿业大学矿业工程学院论文翻译课程名称供应链论文翻译姓名马X班级工业13-X班学号01X日期2016.5.11成绩教师李XIntroductiontosupplychainconceptsFirmscannolongereffectivelycompeteinisolationoftheirsuppliersandotherentitiesinthesupplychain.Interestintheconceptofsupplychainmanagementhassteadilyincreasedsincethe1980swhencompaniessawthebenefitsofcollaborativerelationshipswithinandbeyondtheirownorganization.Anumberofdefinitionshavebeenproposedconcerningtheconceptof“thesupplychain”anditsmanagement.Thispaperdefinestheconceptofthesupplychainanddiscussestheevolutionofsupplychainmanagement.Thetermdoesnotreplacesupplierpartnerships,norisitadescriptionofthelogisticsfunction.Industrygroupsarenowworkingtogethertoimprovetheintegrativeprocessesofsupplychainmanagementandacceleratethebenefitsavailablethroughsuccessfulimplementation.Thecompetitiveimportanceoflinkingafirm’ssupplychainstrategytoitsoverallbusinessstrategyandsomepracticalguidelinesareofferedforsuccessfulsupplychainmanagement.DefinitionofsupplychainVariousdefinitionsofasupplychainhavebeenofferedinthepastseveralyearsastheconcepthasgainedpopularity.TheAPICSDictionarydescribesthesupplychainas:1.theprocessesfromtheinitialrawmaterialstotheultimateconsumptionofthefinishedproductlinkingacrosssupplierusercompanies;2andthefunctionswithinandoutsideacompanythatenablethevaluechaintomakeproductsandprovideservicestothecustomer(Coxetal.,1995).Anothersourcedefinessupplychainas,thenetworkofentitiesthroughwhichmaterialflows.Thoseentitiesmayincludesuppliers,carriers,manufacturingsites,distributioncenters,retailers,andcustomers(LummusandAlber,1997).TheSupplyChainCouncil(1997)usesthedefinition:“Thesupplychain–atermincreasinglyusedbylogisticsprofessionals–encompasseseveryeffortinvolvedinproducinganddeliveringafinalproduct,fromthesupplier’ssuppliertothecustomer’scustomer.Fourbasicprocesses–plan,source,make,deliver–broadlydefinetheseefforts,whichincludemanagingsupplyanddemand,sourcingrawmaterialsandparts,manufacturinganassembly,warehousingandinventorytracking,orderentryandordermanagement,distributionacrossallchannels,anddeliverytothecustomer.”Quinn(1997)definesthesupplychainas“allofthoseactivitiesassociatedwithmovinggoodsfromtheraw-materialsstagethroughtotheenduser.Thisincludessourcingandprocurement,productionscheduling,orderprocessing,inventorymanagement,transportation,warehousing,andcustomerservice.Importantly,italsoembodiestheinformationsystemssonecessarytomonitorallofthoseactivities.”Inadditiontodefiningthesupplychain,severalauthorshavefurtherdefinedtheconceptofsupplychainmanagement.AsdefinedbyEllramandCooper(1993),supplychainmanagementis“anintegratingphilosophytomanagethetotalflowofadistributionchannelfromsuppliertoultimatecustomer”.Monczkaand(1997)statethat“integratedsupplychainmanagementisaboutgoingfromtheexternalcustomerandthenmanagingalltheprocessesthatareneededtoprovidethecustomerwithvalueinahorizontalway”.Theybelievethatsupplychains,notfirms,competeandthatthosewhowillbethestrongestcompetitorsarethosethat“canprovidemanagementandleadershiptothefullyintegratedsupplychainincludingexternalcustomeraswellasprimesuppliers,theirsuppliers,andtheirsuppliers’suppliers”.Fromthesedefinitions,asummarydefinitionofthesupplychaincanbestatedas:alltheactivitiesinvolvedindeliveringaproductfromrawmaterialthroughtothecustomerincludingsourcingrawmaterialsandparts,manufacturingandassembly,warehousingandinventorytracking,orderentryandordermanagement,distributionacrossallchannels,deliverytothecustomer,andtheinformationsystemsnecessarytomonitoralloftheseactivities.Supplychainmanagementcoordinatesandintegratesalloftheseactivitiesintoaseamlessprocess.Itlinksallofthepartnersinthechainincludingdepartmentswithinanorganizationandtheexternalpartnersincludingsuppliers,carriers,third-partycompanies,andinformationsystemsproviders.Managersincompaniesacrossthesupplychaintakeaninterestinthesuccessofothercompanies.Theyworktogethertomakethewholesupplychaincompetitive.Theyhavethefactsaboutthemarket,theyknowalotaboutcompetition,andtheycoordinatetheiractivitieswiththoseoftheirtradingpartners.Itencompassestheprocessesnecessarytocreate,source,maketo,andtodelivertodemand.Theyusetechnologytogatherinformationonmarketdemandsandexchangeinformationbetweenorganizations.Akeypointinsupplychainmanagementisthattheentireprocessmustbeviewedasonesystem.Anyinefficiencyincurredacrossthesupplychain(suppliers,manufacturingplants,warehouses,customers,etc.)mustbeassessedtodeterminethetruecapabilitiesoftheprocess.Figure1describesthetotalintegrationrequiredwithinthesupplychain.InterestinsupplychainsWhyhasmanagingthesupplychainbecomeanissueforthe1990s?Inpart,theanswerliesinthefactthatfewcompaniescontinuetobeverticallyintegrated.Companieshavebecomemorespecializedandsearchforsupplierswhocanprovidelowcost,qualitymaterialsratherthanowntheirsourceofsupply.Itbecomescriticalforcompaniestomanagetheentirenetworkofsupplytooptimizeoverallperformance.Theseorganizationshaverealizedthatwheneveracompanydealswithanothercompanythatperformsthenextphaseofthesupplychain,bothstandtobenefitfromtheother’ssuccess.Aseco