文体学五种文体

果因PPT工作室weibo.com/guoyinpptFiveLevelsofDegreesofFormalityIntroductionDefinitionFeaturesExampleIntroductionMartinJoos’classificationofdegreesofformalityinhisbookTheFiveClocks(1962)isoffivelevels:frozen,formal,consultative,casualandintimate.FrozenstyleDefinition:Frozenstyleisusedbyprofessionalspeakersforpublicpurposes,suchaslegaldocumentsregulations,formalceremonies.Features:A.Fixedformandstuctureasiffrozen.B.Oftenusedonhightlysignificantoccasions.eg:Inaugural,ceremony,courtoflaw.C.Archaicwords,formalandbigexpressions,longandcomplexsentences.ExampleWeholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness……——DeclarationofIndependenceFormalstyleDefinition:Formalstyleisusedbeforealargeaudiencesuchasformallectures,inauguraladdressofpresidentelect,scientificreports.Features:A.Tightlystructuredandwell-planned,nofragments,norepetitionandsecondthought.B.Vocabularytechnical,variedconsciously.C.Clearandcarefulpronunciation.D.Differentsentencestructures.ExampleThankyouverymuch,Mr.Mayor.Iappreciateyourkindwordsofintroduction.Andwe'redelightedtobeheretoday.MywifeandIareprivilegedtohavetheopportunityonceagaintotravelinChina.——USVicePresident'sSpeechatFudanUniversityConsultativestyleDefinition:Consultativestyleisusedforconductingmostbusinessmatters,suchastalkingwithstrangers,buyingthingsinashop,askingthewayinthesreet.Features:A.Thisvatietyreflectsthemostbasicandcommonfeaturesamong5varieties.B.Sentencesarenottoolong,wordsareplainandareoftenarrangedinnormalorder.C.Somegrammaticalphenomenanotpreferredlikeparticiplesusedasadverbials.D.Novariationindiction.E.Sentencesoftenbeginwith:well,but,so...ExampleWhere'sVanBummel,theshoolmaster?Hewentofftothewartoo,wasthegreatmilitiageneral,andisnowinCongress.——RipVanWinkleCasualstyleDefinition:Casualstyleisthelanguageusedforsituationsinwhichnosocialbarriersarefeltbytheparticipants.Itisthelanguageusedamongfriendsacquaintances,insiders,andpeoplewithsharedknowledge.Fatures:A.Firstnameingreeting,noformaltitle.B.Oftenusesfragments,contractions,slang.C.Oftenusedinmorerelaxedsituationasindomitory.D.Thereisagreatervariationfromregiontoregion,fromonesocialgrouptoanotherthanformalandotherstyles.ExampleI'vetriedit,anditdon'twork;itdon'twork,Tom.Itain'tforme...Thewiddereatsbyabell;shegoestobedbyabell;shegitsupbyabell---everything'ssoawfulreg'larabodycan'tstandit.———TheAdventuresofTomSawyerIntimatestyleDefinition:Intimatestyleisthelanguageusedamongmembersofthefamilybetweenhusbandandwife,amongveryclosefriends,oramongaparticulargroupofpeoplewithparticularlysharedknowledge,suchasschoolboys,armysoldiers,orcriminals.Features:A.Likethecasual,theintimateisrarelywritten.B.Grammarisreducedtoabareminimum.C.Pronunciationisslurreedasagreatdealofnonverbalcommunicationwitheye-brows,shoulders,andfacialexpressionsreplacetheverbals.D.Sincetheusersknowverywell,thereisnoneedforcarefulplanning.Example“Daddy,whereyoubeen?”“Huntingforarabbit'sskintowrapmylittleBonniein.Giveyourbestsweetheartakiss,Bonnie---andyoutoo,Ella.”--------GonewiththeWind果因PPT工作室weibo.com/guoyinpptThankyou!