农业资源与环境专业英语

农业资源与环境专业英语EnglishforAgriculturalResourcesandEnvironmentSelf-introductionWhy?Weneedit!What？Goals（1）Literaturesearching（2）Translationskills（3）WritingofScientificandTechnicalpapers（4）ShareIdeas,ExperienceandResultsofyourresearchDescriptionoftheCourseThenatureofthecurriculum:CompulsorycourseAntecedencecourses:English、Soilscience、PlantnutritionReferencebooks：《EnglishCourseforScienceofResourcesandEnvironment》许宏修主编;《环境科学与工程专业英语》彭举威主编；《英汉科技翻译教程》韩其顺主编；《英语科技论文写作精要》辜嘉铭编著；Durationofcourse:36hoursTypesofactivities:learning-basedclasses,casestudy,workshop,translationexercise,watchingvideorelatedtoenvironmentalissue.Testmode:attendance(20%);Performanceinclass(50%);housework(30%)ContentsUnit1TheBasicKnowledgeofEnglishforProfessionalPurposeUnit2ThetranslationofEnglishforSpecialPurposeUnit3ReadingComprehensionandTranslationofEnglishforAgriculturalResourcesandEnvironmentUnit4WritingofScientificandTechnicalPapersUnit1TheBasicKnowledgeofEnglishforProfessionalPurpose1.1ThecharactersofLanguage1.2ThecharactersofGrammar1.3ThecharactersofWordsandExpressions1.4ThecharactersoftheStructure1.1ThecharactersofLanguage1.1.1Accuracy准确：表达上不使用模棱两可的词。e.g.WatersupplyandDrainageEngineeringoffersaparticularchallengebecausealmosteveryprocessofwastewatertreatmentthatisdesignedandbuiltbyengineersisunique.Oneprocessrarelyduplicateanotherexactly.1.1.2Brevity简洁：避免不必要的润饰和重复，但不排除长句的使用。e.g.BestricttotheexaminationandapprovalofthenewprojectsinHuaiHeRiverbasin,andcarryouttheenvironmentinfluenceassessmentsystem.TheprojectswhicharenotinaccordwiththeTenth-Five-yearplanshouldnotbeapproved.e.g.Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled．1.1.3Clarity清晰：清晰主要是强调逻辑严谨、概念清晰、关系分明、句子连贯。1.1ThecharactersofLanguage结论科技推理归纳总结分析问题提出问题逻辑、语法词使用的普遍表示原因语气转折逻辑顺序表示限制表示假设because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresultof,causedby,forbut,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwiseso,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditiontoonly,ifonly,except,besides,unlesssuppose,assumingprovided,providing1.1.31.2ThecharactersofGrammar1.2.1大量使用被动语态（1/3及物动词）一方面是因为科技文体反映的是客观事实及据此作出的科学推论，语言运用要求体现客观性和普遍性，避免使用人称作主语以免主观臆断，更少有主观色彩；另一方面是因为科技文体描述的是科研的对象、手段、过程，使用被动语态更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。e.g.Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).e.g.Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.1.2.2名词化结构特别是动词的非谓语形式（不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词）使用的频率高e.g.Themasteryofaforeignlanguagewillbeofgreatusetoyourstudyofagriculturalresourceandenvironment．e.g.Thedemandsforsophisticatedanalysis,coupledwithsomeseriouslimitationsoncomputationalcapability,ledtoahostofspecialtechniquesforsolvingacorrespondingsetofspecialproblems.1.2.3非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It+及物动词+加不定式结构e.g.Itmakesnodifferencetotakethismedicinebeforeoraftermeals.e.g.Althoughthequantitiesofwaterusedforpotablereusearelimited,becauseitisahotlydebatedsubjecttoreusereclaimedwaterthatencompassesimportantissuesrelatedtoadvancedwastewatertreatment,publichealth,andpublicacceptance.1.2.4长句较多，但因专业英语多为说明性的，从句与从句之间、主从句之间、短语之间、短语与句子间关系较简单，可借助专业知识，根据上下文逻辑关系解决e.g.Unfortunately,itisuniversalthatthepollutedriverscanbefoundneardenselypopulatedareasallovertheworld,supportnofish,arehighinbacterialcontent(usuallyincludingpathogenicorganisms（病原体）)since,inextremecases,thepollutedriverswhichappearmuddilyblue-greenfromchoking（令人窒息的）algae（藻类）andstink（发出臭味）fromputrefaction(腐败)andfermentation（发酵）.That引出主语从句，since引出原因状语从句，在since从句中，包含由关系代词which引出的定语从句，修饰thepollutedrivers1.2.5省略句较多：为了简洁，有时省略掉句子中的一些成分，如状语从句中的主语和谓语、定语从句中的关联词which或what，从句中的助动词等，但基本不省略形容词、副词。e.g.Ifnotwellcontrolled,theinlandwatermaybemoredeteriorate.常见的省略句型有：Asalreadydiscussed;Ifpossible;Asdescribedabove;Ifso;Asexplainedbefore;When(If)necessary;AsindicatedinFig.1;Whenneeded;Aspreviouslymentioned;Wherefeasible;Wheninuse;Wherepossible.1.2.6条件语句较多，最常用的是If…条件句。e.g.Thehugeinvestmentintheinfrastructure(基础设施)willbeerasedquicklyifpropermaintenanceandrehabilitationproceduresareenforcedandfunded.1.2.7较多使祈使语气和公式化表达方式在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assumedthat…,Supposethat…,Let…等祈使语气表达方式。e.g.Becarefulnottosimplyassumetheyarecausedbyclimatechange.e.g.SupposethatP=0atx=y构词法：通过学习构词法，可以运用构词规律，分析词的构成，加强对词汇的理解和记忆。甚至遇到生词也可能通过解析而辩义识词，以便迅速扩大和巩固词汇，提高阅读和翻译的能力。英语构词主要有以下三种方法：1.合成法(compounding)：由两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词，叫合成法。这种方法不论在普通词汇或是科技词汇的构词中，都占有很大的数量。一般来说，合成词的前者往往修饰后者。1.3ThecharactersofWordsandExpressions(1)复合名词的构成方式名词十名词news-paper（报纸），test-tube（试管)形容词十名词green-house(温室)，dark-room(暗室)动名词十名词freezing-point(冰点)，working-table(工作台)动词十名词work-shop(车间)，grind-stone(磨石，砂轮)副词十名词out-break(爆发)，over-coat(大衣)代词+名词he-goat(公山羊)，she-wolf(母狼)动词十副词break-down(崩溃)，get-together(联欢)名词十介词editor-in-chief(总编辑)，father-in-law(岳父)(2)复合形容词的构成方式形容词十名词first-hand(第一手的)，low-temperature(低温的)形容词+形容词light-blue(浅蓝的)，red-hot(灼热的)名词+形容词colour-blind(色盲的)，world-wide(全世界规模的)形容词十名词十ed(或-d)small-sized(小型的)，open-minded(胸襟开阔的)名词十过去分词man-made(人造的)，snow-covered(雪盖着的)名词+现在分词man-eating(吃人的)，earth-shaking(震动世界的)副词+分词far-reaching(意义深远的)，well-informed(消息灵通的)副词十介词十名词up-to-date(最新式的)，out-of-date(过时的)数词十名词(+ed)five-year-plane