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CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp1Chapter1EngineeringProjectChapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp2Conversation1.—Howmanyphasesdoesaprojectcover?—Theexecutionofitcanbeusuallydividedintosomebasicstages,likeengineering,procurementandtransportation,andfieldconstruction.一个工程项目的实施通常可分为几个基本阶段：工程设计、采购和运输、以及现场施工。2.—Pleasegiveadescriptionaboutthisproject.请对这个工程项目作一个叙述说明。3.—Whoisthecontractor?—ThecontractorisToyoEngineeringCorporation(TEC)ofJapan.Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp3承包商是日本的东洋工程公司。（简称TEC）4.—Itisaninquiry(commercialandtechnicalproposal,approval,agreement,protocol,annex,technicalappendix)aboutthisproject.这是这个项目的询价书。（商务和技术报价书、批准书、协议、会议记录、附加条件、技术附件）5.—Whomakesuptheprojectteam?—Theprojectteamnormallyconsistsofprojectengineer,designengineer,scheduleengineer,andvariousspecialists.项目工作组通常包括有项目工程师、设计工程师、计划工程师、以及各类专家。6.—Howcanweevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstruction—Wecanevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstructionbyfourcriteria,whicharequality,time,costandsafety.Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp4我们可以通过四个指标来评价现场施工的成绩，即质量、时间进度、费用和安全。7.—Whatareyouresponsiblefor?8.—Iamresponsibleforthetechnical(scheduling,inspection,qualitycontrol)workofthisproject.我负责这个项目的技术（技术、检查、质量控制）工作。9.—Wouldyoutellusthetechnicalcharacteristicaboutthisproject?你能告诉我们有关这个工程项目的技术特性吗？—Certainly!10.—Doyouhaveanyreferencematerialsaboutthisproject?你有关于这个工程项目有参考资料吗？—Yes,hereyouare.Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp5TextFrameworkofCivilEngineeringIntroductionGenerally，engineeringistheapplicationofeconomic,social,andscientificpracticalknowledgetodesign,build,andmaintainstructures,machines,devices,systems,materialsandprocesses.Basically,engineeringisanend-product-orienteddisciplinethatisverybroad,innovative,cost-consciousandmindfulofhumanfactorsandincludesvariousmorespecializedfieldsofengineering,eachwithamorespecificemphasisonparticularareasoftechnologyandtypesofapplication.土木工程框架介绍一般而言,工程学是应用经济、社会和科学的实用知识来设计、建造和维护结构、机器、设备、系统、材料和过程。基本上,工程学是一个面向最终产品的学科,它非常广泛,创新,成本意识和考虑到人的因素,包括各种更专业的工程领域,每一个更具体地强调特定领域的技术和应用类型。Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsCivilengineeringisoneofthemostdiversebranchesofengineering.Thecivilengineerplans,designs,constructs,andmaintainsalargevarietyofstructuresandfacilitiesforpublic,private,commercialandindustrialuse.Thesestructuresincluderesidential,office,factorybuildings;andinfrastructure,forexample,airports,roads,railways,watersupplyandtreatmentetc.),bridges,dams,andbuildings.土木工程是工程中最多样化的分支之一。土木工程师计划、设计、建造和维护大量的公共、私人、商业和工业用途的结构和设施。这些结构包括住宅、办公室、工厂建筑;和基础设施,例如,机场,公路,铁路,供水和处理等),桥梁,水坝和建筑物。p6CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp7Theterm“civilengineer”didnotcomeintouseuntilabout1750,whenJohnSmeaton,thebuilderoffamousEddystonelighthousenearPlymouth,England,issaidtohavebeguncallinghimselfa“civilengineer”todifferhimselffromthemilitaryengineersofhistime.However,theprofessionisasoldascivilization.EddystoneLighthouse土木工程师一词直到1750才开始使用,当时英国普利茅斯附近著名的Eddystone灯塔的建造者约翰.斯米顿据说已经开始自称土木工程师,与他当时的军事工程师不同。然而,这个行业和文明一样古老。Eddystone灯塔Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsTheengineeringmarvelsoftheworld,startingfromthepyramidstotoday’sthinshellstructures,aretheresultsofthedevelopmentincivilengineering.Communicationlineslikeroads,railways,bridges,etc.withoutwhichdevelopmentisimpossible,arefruitsofcivilengineers’work.Variousfunctionsofacivilengineerarelistedbelow.从金字塔到今天的薄壳结构,世界工程奇迹是土木工程发展的结果。如道路、铁路、桥梁等通信线路没有发展是不可能的,是土木工程师工作的成果。下面列出了土木工程师的各种功能。p8CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp9InvestigationThefirstfunctionofacivilengineeristocollectthenecessarydatathatisrequiredbeforeplanningaproject.调查土木工程师的第一个功能是收集计划项目前所需的数据。SurveyingTheobjectiveofsurveyingistopreparemapsandplanstolocatethevariousstructuresofaprojectonthesurfaceofearth.测量勘测的目的是准备地图和计划在地球表面寻找项目的各种各样的结构。Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp10PlanningDependingontheresultsobtainedfrominvestigationandsurveying,acivilengineershouldpreparethenecessarydrawingfortheprojectintermsofcapacity,sizeandlocationofitsvariouscomponents.Onthebasisofthisdrawing,anecessaryestimateshouldbeworkedout.规划土木工程师应根据调查和测量所得的结果,在其各部件的容量、尺寸和位置方面,为项目准备必要的图纸。在这幅图画的基础上,应该制定出一个必要的估计。Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsDesignAfterplanning,thesafedimensionofthecomponentsrequiredisworkedout.Withthisdimensionadetaileddrawingispreparedforvariouscomponentsandalsoforthewholestructureandadetailedestimateisalsocalculated.设计经过规划,制定了所需部件的安全尺寸。利用此维度,为各种部件以及整个结构准备了详细的图纸,并计算了详细的估计值。p11CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsExecutionThisfunctiondealswiththepreparationofschedulesforconstructionactivities,finalizationofcontracts,supervisionofconstructionwork,preparationofbillsandmaintenance.执行本职能涉及编制施工活动进度表、合同定稿、施工监理、帐单编制和维修等工作。p12CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp13ResearchanddevelopmentAcivilengineerneedstogetinvolvedinresearchanddevelopmenttoobtainprofitsandtoimprovetheefficiencytothepresentandfutureneeds.研究与开发土木工程师需要参与研究和开发,以获取利润,提高效率,以满足目前和未来的需要。Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsSub-disciplinesofCivilEngineeringAnydisciplineofengineeringisawidefieldwithvariousspecializations.Civilengineeringistraditionallydividedintoseveralsub-disciplinesinclu