传播学经典理论英文版 打印1

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传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]目录一、OpinionLeaders意见领袖_____________________________________________2二、5WBox5w理论_____________________________________________________2三、TheBiasofCommunication传媒偏向论__________________________________2四、TheSpiralofSilence沉默的螺旋________________________________________3五、Gatekeeper把关人理论_______________________________________________4六、Selectiveexposurehypothesis选择性接触假说_____________________________4七、KnowledgeGapTheory知识沟假说______________________________________5八、AgendaSettingTheory议程设置理论____________________________________5九、Magicbullettheory魔弹论_____________________________________________5十、Information(Innovation)DiffusionTheory信息(创新)扩散论____________6十一、Usesandgratificationstheory(UGT)使用与满足理论______________________7十二、Cultivationtheory教养理论____________________________________________8十三、Limited-EffectsTheory有限效果论______________________________________8十四、MarshallMcluhanMediaTheory麦克卢汉的媒介理论_______________________92/11一、OpinionLeaders意见领袖Activeininformationnetworks,havemanyinformationchannels,sotheycanoftenprovideinformationandadviceforothersandcaninfluenceothers.意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息,同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子”,他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用,由他们将信息扩散给受众,形成信息传递的两级传播。二、5WBox5w理论1.Whocommunicatestowhom?(sourcesandreceivers)2.Whycommunicate?(functionandpurposes)3.Howdoescommunicationtakeplace?(channels,languages,codes)4.Whatabout?(content,references,typesofinformation)5.Whataretheoutcomesofcommunication(intendorunintended),forinformation,understandings,actiontheRiseofMassMdia美国学者H·拉斯维尔于1948年在《传播在社会中的结构与功能》一篇论文中,首次提出了构成传播过程的五种基本要素,并按照一定结构顺序将它们排列,形成了后来人们称之“五W模式”或“拉斯维尔程式”的过程模式。这五个W分别是英语中五个疑问代词的第一个字母,即:Who(谁)SaysWhat(说了什么)InWhichChannel(通过什么渠道)ToWhom(向谁说)WithWhatEffect(有什么效果)。三、TheBiasofCommunication传媒偏向论Innis’centralfocusisthesocialhistoryofcommunicationmedia;hebelievedthattherelativestabilityofculturesdependsonthebalanceandproportionoftheirmedia.Tobeginourinquiryintothisarea,hesuggestsweaskthreebasicquestions:Howdospecificcommunicationtechnologiesoperate?Whatassumptionsdotheytakefromandcontributetosociety?Whatformsofpowerdotheyencourage?ForInnis,akeytosocialchangeisfoundinthedevelopmentofcommunicationmedia.Heclaimsthateachmediumembodiesabiasintermsoftheorganizationandcontrolofinformation.Anyempireorsocietyisgenerallyconcernedwithdurationovertimeandextensioninspace.Time-biasedmedia,suchasstoneandclay,aredurableandheavy.Sincetheyaredifficulttomove,theydonotencourageterritorialexpansion;however,sincetheyhavealonglife,theydoencouragetheextensionofempireovertime.Innisassociatedthesemediawiththecustomary,thesacred,andthemoral.Time-biasedmediafacilitatethedevelopmentofsocialhierarchies,asarchetypallyexemplifiedbyancientEgypt.ForInnis,speechisatime-biasedmedium.Space-biasedmediaarelightandportable;theycanbetransportedoverlargedistances.Theyareassociatedwithsecularandterritorialsocieties;theyfacilitatetheexpansionofempireoverspace.Paperissuchamedium;itisreadilytransported,buthasarelativelyshortlifespan.伊尼斯发现,媒介可以分为两大类,两者有一个基本的区别:有利于空间上延伸的媒介和有利于时间上延续的媒介。比如,石版文字和泥版文字耐久,它们承载的文字具有永恒的性质,容易传承。但是,它们不容易运输,不容易生产,不容易使用,因而不利于空间上的传播。相反,莎草纸和纸张轻巧,容易运输,使用方便,能够远距离传播迅息,然而它们传播的迅息却限于当下,就比较短暂。他认为,传播和传播媒介都有偏向,大体上分为:口头传播的偏向与书面传播的偏向,时间的偏向与空间的偏向。下面这段话,痛快淋漓地阐明伊尼斯“传播偏向论”的意旨、要害,说明媒介的性质和偏向,并且说明媒介为何有这些偏向。他说:“倚重时间的媒介,其性质耐久,羊皮纸、黏土和石头即为其例……倚重空间的媒介,耐久性比较逊色,质地比较轻。后者适合广袤地区的治理和贸易……倚重空间的材料,有利于集中化……我们考虑大规模的政治组织,比如帝国时,必须立足在空间和时间两个方面。我们要克服媒介的偏向,既不过分倚重时间,也不过分倚重空间。”强调媒介偏向、时间偏向和空间偏向的关系,并指出媒介与国家僚体制和宗教的关系。他说:“一个成功的帝国必须充分认识到空间问题,空间问题既是军事问题,也是政治问题;它还要认识到时间问题,时间问题既是朝代问题和人生寿限问题,也是宗教问题。又说:“国家的官僚体制倚重空间,忽略时间。相反,宗教却倚重时间,忽略空间。”四、TheSpiralofSilence沉默的螺旋ThespiralofsilenceisapoliticalscienceandmasscommunicationtheorypropoundedbytheGermanpoliticalscientistElisabethNoelle-Neumann.Spiralofsilencetheorydescribestheprocessbywhichoneopinionbecomesdominantasthosewhoperceivetheiropiniontobeintheminoritydonotspeakupbecausesocietythreatensindividualswithfearofisolation.Theassessmentofone'ssocialenvironmentmaynotalwayscorrelatewithreality.Foracontroversialissue,peoplewillwatchtheclimateofopinionbeforetheymakecomments.judgingtheiropinionwhetherthemajorityopinion,whenpeoplefeelthattheirviewsaremajorityorintheadvantage,itwilltendtoboldlyexpressthisopinion;whenfoundhisviewsareafeworinadisadvantagetheyoftenremainsilent.Themorepeopleremainsilent,themorefeelthattheirviewsarenotwellaccepted,thusaresult,themoretheytendtoremainsilent.Repeatedseveraltimes,theyformrepresentingdominantstatusviewsandmorepowerful,whileholdinginferioropinionsofpeoplesoundmoreandmoreweak,suchacycle,formingaonemoreloudly,andtheothermoreandmoresilentspiraldowntheprocess.沉默的螺旋理论提供了一种考虑问题的视角:团队意见的形成不一定是团队成员“理性讨论”的结果,而可能是对团队中“强势”意见的趋同后的结果。需要注意的是:“强势”意见所强调的东西,不一定就是正确的。当团队中的少数意见与“多数”意见不同的时候,少数有可能屈于“优势意见”的压力,表面上采取认同,但实际上内心仍然坚持自己的观点,这就可能出现某些团队成员公开“表达的意见”与团队成员“自己的意见”不一致。要跳出沉默的螺旋,唯一的出路就是尊重少数派,聆听反对者的声音。五、Gatekeeper把关人理论Lewinwasfirstproposedthisidea.Agatekeeperisahumanwhocontrolsaccesstosomething,forexampleviaacitygate.Inthelate20thcenturythetermcameintometaphoricaluse,referringtoindividualswhodecidewhetheragivenmessagewillbedistributedbyam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