国际经济学题库(英文版)

1PartⅠ.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Thesearethegainsfromtrade,thepatternoftrade,protectionismthebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:comparativeadvantageandeconomicsofscale.3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.LCa、LWaand*LCa、*LWaaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLWaLC*/aLW*,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.Cp/Wpistherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLWPc/PwaLC*/aLW*HomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.LCa、LWaand*LCa、*LWaaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome’sandForeign’slaborforce.IfLCa/LWaCp/Wp*LCa/*LWa,theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals（L/aLC）/(L*/aLW*).Home’sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas(1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)－1/aLW6.Inspecificfactorsmodel(QM=QM(K,LM);QF=QF(T,LF);L=LM+LF),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorpriceMPˆ、FPˆ、Krˆ、Trˆ、WˆinsideHomeisTFMKrPWPr.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownasMKPrMKPr.7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan’tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanotherSecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenrelativeabundanceandrelativeintensity9.Accordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.10.Accordingto罗布津斯基效应Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.11.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry’sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry’sscarefactorslose.12.Accordingto要素价格均等化命题Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence（收敛）ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.（完整的要素价格均等化）13.Threeassumptions（假设）crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare(1)两个国家都生产两种产品bothcountriesproducebothgoods(2)两国技术相同technologiesarethesame(3)存在贸易壁垒：天然壁垒和人为壁垒Therearebarrierstotrade:naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers.14.“U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports”isknownas里昂惕夫悖论Leontiefparadox.15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases（特殊情况）of标准贸易模型standardtrademodels16.Thestandardtrademodelderives（派生推导）aworldrelativesupplycurve（曲线）fromproductionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferences.17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline（下降）ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration（恶化）of2thetermsoftradeswapover（交换）theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长).18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth(贫困化增长).19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep.20.Accordingto“梅茨勒悖论Metzleparadox”,tariffsandexportsubsidies（补贴）mighthaveperverse（有害的）effectsoninternalprice.21.Inthemodelof“Monopolistic（垄断）CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.22.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms（企业集群）maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:specializedsupplies,labormarketpooling,knowledgespillovers(知识溢出)23.Thepatternofintraindustry（产业内）tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies（外部经济）,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedbyeconomicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantage.24.Theindexes（指标）ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry（产业内）tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies、scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource（主要来源）ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.26.Theargumentoftemporary（暂时的）protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas幼稚产业论theinfantindustryargument27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:termsoftradegainandefficiencyloss28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimport