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CultureShockCauseandSymptomsKalveroObergCultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostdiseases,ithasitsownsymptoms.文化休克是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病.像大多数疾病一样,它有自己的征兆.Cultureshockiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewayswithwhichwearefamiliarinthesituationofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtogoshopping,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.Thesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,oftenwithourconsciousawareness.文化休克是由于失去我们熟悉的标志和社会环境而导致的焦虑.这些标志包括我们熟悉的日常生活,遇到别人知道何时握手,说些什么,知道什么时候如何给小费,如何购物,何时接受或拒绝邀请,何时严肃何时放松.这些可能是语言,手势,面部表情,风俗或规定,我们成长的过程中一直遵守,是文化的一部分,就像我们语言或信仰一样.我们依靠这些思想和标志,成为我们的潜意识.Nowwhenapersonentersastrangeculture,allormostofthesefamiliarcuesareremoved,Heorsheislikeafishoutofwater.Nomatterhowbroad-mindedorfullofgoodwillyoumaybe,aseriesofpropshaveknockedfromunderyou,followedbyafeelingoffrustrationandanxiety.Peoplereacttothefrustrationinmuchthesameway.Firsttheyrejecttheenvironmentwhichcausesthediscomfort.“Thewaysofthehostcountryarebadbecausetheymadeusfeelbad.”Whenforeignersinastrangelandgettogethertogrumbleaboutthehostcountryanditspeople,youcanbesuretheyaresufferingfromcultureshock.Anothersymptomofcultureshockisregression.Totheforeignereverythingbecomesirrationallyglorified.Allthedifficultiesandproblemsareforgottenandonlythegoodthingsbackhomeareremembered.Itusuallytakesatriphometobringonebacktoreality.当一个人进入一个陌生的环境,所以这些熟悉的线索都消失了.他就像一条离开了水的鱼,不管你有多么的思想开放多么的友好善良,一系列的问题会来到你的身边,带给你沮丧和焦虑.人们对挫折的反应大致相同,首先是拒绝带给他不适的环境,“这个国家很坏因为它让我感觉很坏”.当一个陌生地方的人一起抱怨这个国家和这个国家的人,你就可以肯定他们正在遭受文化冲击.文化休克的另一个症状就是逃避.对于一个外国人来说每一样事物都变的无法忍受.所有的困难和问题都忘记了,只剩下回家这一个念头.通常只有一趟回家之旅才会把他带回现实.Someofthesymptomsofcultureshockare:excessivewashingofthehands;excessiveconcernoverdrinkingwater,fooddishes,andbedding;fearofphysicalcontactwithattendants;theabsent-mindedstare;afeelingofhelplessnessandadesirefordependenceonlong-termresidentsofone'sownnationality;fitsofangeroverminorfrustrations;greatconcernoverminorpainsanderuptionsoftheskin;andfinally,thatterriblelongingtobebackhome.文化休克的另一些症状是:过度的洗手,过度关注饮用水,食物,床上用品,恐惧与服务员身体接触,失神凝望,感觉很无助,渴望依赖在这里长期居住的同国籍的人,小事就能引起愤怒,对轻微的疼痛和皮疹过度关注,最终极度渴望重返家园.Individualdiffergreatlyinthedegreeinwhichcultureshockaffectsthem.Althoughnotcommon,thereareindividualwhocannotliveinforeigncountries.However,thosewhohaveseenpeoplegothroughcultureshockandontoasatisfactoryadjustmentcanseestepsintheprocess.文化冲击对不同的人有不同程度的影响.尽管并不普遍,有些人不能在国外生活.然而,可以看看有些已经克服文化冲击并且有一个满意的调整,可以参照一下步骤.StagesofAdjustmentRaymondZeuschnerKalveroObergdescribesfourstagesthatpeoplegothroughwhentheyexperiencesituationsthatareverydifferentfromthosetowhichtheyareaccustomed.Examplesofsuchsituationsincludemovingtoanewcity,travelingtoanewcountry,andbecomingpartofaneworganization,militaryunitorcorporation.KalveroOberg介绍了适应与他们熟悉的环境有很大不同的情况有四个阶段.包括移居到一个新的城市,前往一个新的国家,成为一个组织,军队或公司的一员.Stageoneisahoneymoonphase,duringwhichthenewexperienceisperceivedtobeinteresting,picturesque,entertaining,andcharming.Youmaynoticeseveralsuperficialdifferencessuchasmusic,foodandclothing,andthefreshappealofthenewexperiencekeepsyoufeelinginterestedandpositive.Ifyouarearealtourist,youprobablydonotstaylongenoughforthisphasetowearoffbutgoontothenextnewlocationorexperience.Therearepeoplewhofrequentlychangejobs,majors,romanticpartners,travelplans,clothingstyles,foods,diets,orcarssothattheynevergetveryfarawayfromthehoneymoonstageofcultureshock.Itisverypleasanttotravelandtotryoutandexplorewhateverisnew.第一阶段是一个蜜月期.在此期间新的体验被认为是有趣的,美丽的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能会注意到一些肤浅的差异,比如音乐,食物,衣服,新经验让你感觉新鲜有趣.如果你是一个真正的旅游者,在这个阶段不会停留很久,因为会去新的地方,有新的经历.有些人经常更换工作,专业的浪漫的合作者,旅行计划,服装风格,食品,饮食,或汽车,因此,他们离文化冲击很远.蜜月阶段是非常愉快的旅行,并尝试和探索一切新的东西.Whenyoustayinanewenvironmentforawhile,youmovetostagetwo——thecrisisstage——inwhichtheshinewearsoffandtheday-to-dayrealitiessinkin.Inarelationship,younoticeannoyinghabbits;inanewcountry,youfindbarrierstoestablishingconnectionsortolearningthelanguagebeyondafewpolitephrases.Suddenly,yournewmajorincludesaclassoraprofessoryoudislike.Thedifficultiesandunpleasantnessofrealitiesreplacethecharmingandpicturesque“honeymoon.'However,ifyoustickwiththeexperienceandtrytodealwithitrealistically,youwillprobablymovetothethirdphaseofcultureshock:recovery.当你在一个新环境待一段时间,你就进入了第二阶段——危机阶段——在这个阶段所以的光环消退,现实的环境摆在你面前.在人际关系方面,你发现了令人烦恼的障碍,在一个新的国家,你发现建立人际关系学习新的语言是有障碍的,比起第一个阶段来.突然之间,你的新专业涉及到的课程和教授你都不喜欢.困难和不愉快的现实取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理,你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段:恢复.Inrecovery,youlearnthesystems,procedures,language,ornonverbalbehaviorsofthenewenvironmentsothatyoucancopewithitonthebasisofsomemastery,competence,andcomfort.AfterabouttwoweeksinLondon,Ibegantofeelfamiliarwithtravelingby'tube,“shoppingnearlyeverydayforgroceries,payinginthecorrectcurrency