在短期中,低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的,这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量,人们可用的货币量减少,但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下,于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少,消费量不足又会引起企业开工不足,导致失业。失业率高,通胀率低;失业率低,通胀率高。通货膨胀和失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。1.描述下列每种情形中当事人面对的权衡:a.某个家庭决定是否购买一辆新车;atradeoffbetweenthecostofthecarandotherthingstheymightwanttobuy.b.国会成员决定对国家公园拨多少款thetradeoffisbetweenparksandotherspendingitemsortaxcuts.(不增加拨款可少征税)c.公司总裁决定是否建个新工厂;thedecisionisbasedonwhetherthenewfactorywillincreasethefirm'sprofitscomparedtootheralternatives.(upgradeexistingequipmentorexpandexistingfactories)increaseprofitthemostd.某个教授决定用多少时间备课betweenthevalueofimprovingthequalityofthelecturecomparedtootherthingsshecoulddowithhertime,suchasworkingonadditionalresearch.e.刚毕业的大学生决定是否读研究生2.你正决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本(机票、住宿费和放弃的工资)是用货币衡量的,但度假的收益是心理上的。你如何比较度假的收益和成本?twoways:1.comparethevacationwithwhatyouwoulddoinitsplace。decideifyou'dratherhavethenewclubsorthevacation.2.thinkabouthowmuchworkyouhadtodotoearnthemoneytopayforthevacation3.你正打算周六去做兼职,但你朋友让你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你本来打算周六在图书馆学习。在这种情形下,去滑雪的成本是什么?请解释。itsmonetaryandtimecosts,whichincludestheopportunitycostofthewagesyouaregivingupbynotworking.4.你在篮球比赛博彩中赢了100元。对于这笔钱你有两个选择,你可以现在就花掉或者存入银行,银行利率为5%,你现在就将这笔钱花掉的机会成本是多大?youaregivinguptheopportunitytospend$105ayearfromnow.5.你管理的公司已经投资500万元开发某个新产品,但研发尚未结束。在最近一次会议上,销售人员向你报告说由于竞争产品上市,该产品的期望销售额下降为300万元。如果你还需要再投入100万元才能完成该产品的研发,你会继续下去吗?为了完成研发,你最多愿意支付多杀钱?$5millionisthesunkcost.Whatmattersnowisthechancetoearnprofitsatthemargin.Ifyouspendanother$1millionandcangeneratesalesof$3million,you'llearn$2millioninmarginalprofit,soyoushoulddoso.Infact,you'dpayupto$3million;anymorethanthat,andyouwon'tbeincreasingprofitatthemargin.6.社会保障系统为年龄超过65岁的老人提供收入。如果接受救济的某个老人决定去工作以争取部分收入,那么他从社会保障得到的钱数通常就会减少。a.提供社会保障对人们在工作期间(年轻时)的储蓄激励有何影响?lowersanindividual’sincentivetosaveforretirement.Thebenefitsprovidesomelevelofincometotheindividualwhenheorsheretires.individualisnotentirelydependentonsavingstosupportconsumptionthroughtheyearsinretirement.b.收入较高时保障金会下降,这对65岁以上老人的工作激励有何影响?anincentivenottowork(ornotworkasmuch)afterage65.Becausethemoreyouwork,theloweryourafter-taxSocialSecuritybenefitswillbe.7.某法案于1996年实施,它对美国联邦政府反困项目进行了改革,新法案规定某些被救助者只能领取两年的救济金。a.这种改革对穷人的工作激励有何影响?theyhavegreaterincentivetofindjobsb.这种改革对平等和效率之间的权衡有何影响(更侧重于效率还是平等)?thechangeinthelawisonethatincreasesefficiencybutreducesequity.someonewhocan'tfindajobwillgetnoincomeatall,sothedistributionofincomewillbecomelessequal.Buttheeconomywillbemoreefficient,sincewelfarerecipientshaveagreaterincentivetofindjobs.8.你的室友做得饭菜比你好吃,但你打扫卫生的速度比他快。如果你的室友只做饭而你只打扫卫生,这比你们各干各的家务花费更多还是更少时间?再举一个类似的例子说明专业化和贸易如何使两个国家的状况更好。Byspecializing,youreducethetotaltimespentonchores.(家庭杂务)countriescanspecializeandtrade,makingbothbetteroff.EX.makeclothesandmakewineefficientlysproducealltheclothesandFrenchworkersproduceallthewine,andtheyexchangesomewineforsomeclothes.9.解释下列每一项政府行为的出发点是更关注平等还是更关注效率。如果是更关注效率,分析可能涉及的市场失灵情形。a.管制有线电视价格;b.为某些穷人提供购买食品时可做钱使用的食品券;c.在公共场所禁止吸烟;d.将标准石油公司(该石油公司一度拥有美国90%的炼油厂)拆分成几家小公司;e.对高收入人群征收较高的个人所得税;f.颁布法律禁止酒后开车a.Efficiency:Themarketfailurecomesfromthemonopoly(垄断)bythecableTVfirm.b.Equityc.Efficiency:Anexternalityarisesbecausesecondhandsmokeharmsnonsmokers.d.Efficiency:ThemarketfailureoccursbecauseofStandardOil'smonopolypower.e.Equityf.Efficiency:Thereisanexternalitybecauseofaccidentscausedbydrunkdrivers.10.从平等和效率角度讨论下面每种说法。a.“应该保证社会中的每个人得到最好的医疗服务。”Efficiency?currentlydoctorsformamonopolyandrestricthealthcaretokeeptheirincomeshigh,soefficiencywouldincreasebyprovidingmorehealthcare.ifthegovernmentmandatedincreasedspendingonhealthcare,theeconomywouldbelessefficientbecauseitwouldgivepeoplemorehealthcarethantheywouldchoosetopayfor.Fromthepointofviewofequity,poorpeoplearelesslikelytohaveadequatehealthcare,animprovement.Eachpersonwouldhaveamoreevensliceoftheeconomicpie,thoughthepiewouldconsistofmorehealthcareandlessofothergoods.b.“工人在被解雇后,应该允许他们在找到新工作前一直领取失业保险金。”there’satradeoffbetweenequityandefficiency.Whenworkersarelaidoff,equityconsiderationsarguefortheunemploymentbenefitssystemtoprovidethemwithsomeincomeuntiltheycanfindnewjobs.Butthere’sanefficiencyproblem⎯Theeconomyisn’toperatingefficientlyifpeopleremainunemployedforalongtime,andunemploymentbenefitsencourageunemployment.Sogreaterequityreducesefficiency11.你的生活水平和你父母和祖父母在你这般大时的生活水平,有哪些不同?为何能发生这些变化?averageincomehasincreasedoveryears,haveabetterstandardoflivingthanourparents,andamuchbetterstandardoflivingthanourgrandparents.Cause:increasedproductivity:tanhourofworkproducesmoregoodsandservicesthanitusedtoThusincomeshavecontinuouslyrisenovertime,ashasthestandardofliving.12.假设美国人决定将他们的收入多储蓄一些。如果银行将多出的这部分储蓄借给商人,商人用这些钱建立工厂,这种做法如何加快了生产力的增长?你认为谁从较高的生产力中得到了好处?社会能得到免费的午餐吗?thesamenumberofworkerswillhavemoreequipmenttoworkwith.theworkers,getmorepaymentsincethey'reproducingmorethefactoryownersgetareturnontheirinvestments.Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch,however,becausewhenpeoplesavemore,theyaregivingupspending.Theygethigherincomesatthecostofbuyingfewergoods.市场需求降低,生产的商品销售不出去,市场会陷入疲软,企业利润减少,会通过减少产量和裁减工人降低成本,社会经济会减缓甚至停滞。所以高储蓄换来的生产率提高只会使社会暂时获益无法持久。13.2010年,美国总统巴拉克.奥巴马和美国国会制定并通过了美国医疗