ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel苏州大学附属一院蒋文平心梗和心衰中室性心律失常防治ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel(一)急性心梗室性心律失常治疗ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel1.现在如何认识AMI中室性早搏再灌注治疗之前,把室早认为是预警性心律失常现在认为它预示VT/VF的敏感性、特异性都不强ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel2.如何对待室早过去20年内CCU中VF发生率有所下降,对早搏预防性治疗已放弃补K+、补镁、-阻滞剂治疗重于抗心律失常应用ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel3.加速性室自主节律(慢室速)浦氏纤维自律性加强基本不恶化成VT/VF原则上不治疗,除非血液动力学不稳定,应用:阿托品心房起搏ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel4.非持续性室速连续三个室早:30秒,频率100次/分单形性为主急性缺血头12h内Holter检出率可达60%以上预后意义取决于:(1)梗死面积(2)是否合并或诱发出SVT心功能状态(EF0.4)ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel室速持续30秒由折返引起,梗死区活存心肌,或疤痕内残留心肌构成折返,AMI中发生率3-4%左右心率150次/分,血液动力学稳定伴心衰,心源性休克、AF,标志大面积梗死伴SVT者,住院死亡率18%以上SVT+VF者,住院死亡率40%以上活存30天,出院一年内死亡率7%以上无SVT者,出院一年内死亡率3%以上左右5.持续性单形性室速ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel6.多形性室速急性心肌缺血所致,见于AMI起病数小时内QT间期不延长持续时间可长可短,易恶化成VF有效治疗心肌缺血(溶栓,PTCA)利多卡因无效时改用胺碘酮ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel7.室速治疗补钾、补镁,使血K+维持在4.1-4.5mH/L,血Mg2+维持在2.0mM/L以上,适用于:室性早搏non-SVT,SVT,多形性VT早期选用-阻滞剂电复律,适用于:SVT,HR150次/分,血液动力学不稳定同步50~100焦耳,低能量10-20焦耳也能有效多形性VT,200焦耳同步或非同步VF200~360焦耳非同步ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel药物HR150次/分左右,血液动力学稳定利多卡因负荷量1.0~1.5mg/kg5-10min维持量1~4mg/min普酰胺负荷量12~17mg/kg20-30min维持量1~4mg/min胺碘酮负荷量150mg维持量1.0mg/min6h维持量0.5mg/min7.室速治疗ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel(二)室颤防治ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel1.室颤分类原发性VF在十几年以前发生率占AMI住院病人的10%,现已下降原发性VF60%发生在起病后4h内,12h内占80%继发性VF常是左心衰或休克的后果,常发生在AMI48h后ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel2.室颤预后GUSTO-1研究,在溶栓时代后AMI,S-VT发生率3.5%,VF4.1%,VT+VF2.1%AMI伴SVT住院死亡率18.6%,VT+VF者44%VT或VT+VF存活30天者,出院一年死亡率7%,无VT、VT/VF者为3%ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel3.室颤防治在建立CCU早期,广泛应用利多卡因,认为它降低了MI早期死亡率现在认为早期应用利多卡因者,没有降低死亡率,治疗预警性心律失常与降低VF发生率无关,因此放弃了预防性应用利多卡因ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel4.放弃预防性应用利多卡因理由AMI后VF的发生率已下降(采用了补K+、Mg2+、早期用-阻滞剂,重建血运等)发生VF后立即采用电除颤,死亡率反低于预防性用药者AMI后血K+、血Mg2+分别维持在4.5、2.0mM/L以上,优于预防性抗心律失常药物应用ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel5.室颤治疗VF-电击有效转复,补K+、Mg2+、BB有效利多卡因维持无效利多卡因电击无效胺碘酮电击有效胺碘酮维持无效胺碘酮负荷电击有效胺碘酮无效-胺碘酮-电击ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel(三)陈旧性心肌梗死室律不齐ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel1.VT机制MI后能诱发VT的基质可保持15~20年之久但在MI后第一年VT发生率最高3-5%VT基质为MI区内存活心肌细胞裂隙分布和功能异常在MI区细胞外记录显示碎裂电位,为岛状分布细胞群的除极电位这些除极电位传导缓慢、不连续,构成梗塞区折返因此陈旧性MI的VT来自折返机制,诱发的VT80%表现为单形性SVT,20%表现多形性SVTClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel2.VT血液动力学耐受性,取决于VT率心室收缩和舒张功能是否合并有二尖瓣返流ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel3.用药选择利多卡因为首选治疗用药,但不推荐Ⅰ类药物用作预防用药近年推荐胺碘酮,尤其用于难控制的VT推荐胺碘酮用于预防VT复发静注胺碘酮是治疗危及生命室律不齐的有效措施ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel4.远期治疗效果CASH,CIDS,未显出ICD与药物治疗差别,都未降低总体死亡率CASCADE试验,显出胺碘酮明显增加活存者无心律失常的发生率ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel(四)心力衰竭合并室性心律失常治疗ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel1.心衰心脏致室律异常易患因素心肌缺血纤维化和疤痕化活存心肌功能异常(顿抑和冬眠)传导和不应期离散增加改变对抗心律失常药物的反应(如不耐受Ⅰ类药物)ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel心肌肥厚纤维化和疤痕化动作电位时程延长增进了对缺血的易损性增进了对除极后电位易患性1.心衰心脏致室律异常易患因素ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel细胞异常Ito和Ik1降低,延长APD促进了If,增加了自律性易患倾向改变了裂隙结构和分布改变了对抗心律失常药物反应血液动力学因素增加了对牵张诱导产生的后除极电位敏感性心脏负荷增加,改变了不应期改变了对抗心律失常药物反应1.心衰心脏致室律异常易患因素ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel交感活性增加了触发活性和自律性传导和不应期的非同步性增加改变了对抗心律失常药物反应电解质平衡1.心衰心脏致室律异常易患因素ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel2.心衰病人SVT治疗全面抗心衰治疗冠心病者,如有可能重建冠脉血运ACEI治疗利尿剂减少容积负荷,监测电解质血流动力学稳定后BB治疗ClicktoeditMastertitlestyleClicktoeditMastertextstylesSecondlevelThirdlevelFourthlevelFifthlevel抗心律失常措施(1)SVT反复发作、猝死高危、EF0.35,植入ICD(2)心功