搜索
•18-centurypoetry:•1.inthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury:neoclassicalpoetry•2.bythemiddleofthe18thcentury:sentimentalism3.inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury:romanticismPre-Romanticism•Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.•astrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,•arecognitionoftheclaimsofpassionandemotion,•byarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.•InEngland,thismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-Romanticisminpoetry.•WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsaretherepresentatives.AuguriesofInnocence(brief)ToseeaWorldinaGrainofSand，AndaHeaveninaWildFlower，HoldInfinityinthepalmofyourhand，AndEternityinanhour.一沙一世界，一花一天堂。无限掌中置，刹那成永恒。——徐志摩（译）佛曰：•一花一世界，•一草一天堂，•一叶一如来，•一砂一极乐，•一方一净土，•一笑一尘缘，•一念一清静。这一切都是一种心境。心若无物就可以一花一世界，一草一天堂。参透这些，一花一草便是整个世界，而整个世界也便空如花草。“TheLamb”WilliamBlake’s“TheLamb”(Ⅰ)LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?Gavetheelife,andbidtheefeed,Bythestreamando'erthemead;Gavetheeclothingofdelight,Softestclothing,woolly,bright;小羊羔，谁创造了你？你知道是谁创造了你？给你生命，把你喂养在溪流旁的草场；给你柔软，发亮毛绒绒的衣裳；Gavetheesuchatendervoice,Makingallthevalesrejoice?LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?•给你这样柔美的声音，•使所有的山谷都欢畅？•小羊羔，谁创造了你？•你知道是谁创造了你？Thelamb(Ⅱ)•LittleLamb,I'lltellthee,LittleLamb,I'lltellthee.Heiscalledbythyname,ForHecallsHimselfaLamb.Heismeek,andHeismild;Hebecamealittlechild.•小羊羔，我告诉你，小羊羔，我告诉你。他就叫你的名字，因为他就把自己称羔羊。他温柔而谦恭，变成了一个孩童。•Iachild,andthoualamb,•WearecalledbyHisname.•LittleLamb,Godblessthee!•LittleLamb,Godblessthee!•我是个孩子，你是只羔羊，•我们都叫他的名字。•小羊羔，上帝保佑你！•小羊羔，上帝保佑你！Questions1.Doesthispoemdescribealamborthemindofthechildwhoisspeakingtothelamb?WhatistherelationofthelambandthechildtoGod?2.WhatdoesLambstandfor?“TheTiger”TheTyger/老虎(I)（郭沫若译）•Tyger!Tyger!Burningbright•Intheforestsofthenight,•Whatimmortalhandoreye•Couldframethyfearfulsymmetry?•Inwhatdistantdeepsorskies•Burntthefireofthineeyes?•Onwhatwingsdareheaspires?•Whatthehanddareseizethefire?•Andwhatshoulder,&whatart,•Couldtwistthesinewsofthyheart?•Andwhenthyheartbegantobeat,•Whatdreadhand?andwhatdreadfeet?•老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中•燃烧着的煌煌的火光，•是怎样的神手或天眼•造出了你这样的威武堂堂？•你炯炯的两眼中的火•燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？•他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？•用怎样的手夺来火焰？•又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，•把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？•当你的心脏开始搏动时，•使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？TheTyger/老虎(II)•Whatthehammer?Whatthechain?•Inwhatfurnacewasthybrain?•Whatheanvil?Whatdreadgrasp•Dareitsdeadlyterrorsclasp?•Whenthestarsthrewdowntheirspears,•Andwater’dheavenwiththeirtears,•Didhesmilehisworktosee?•DidhewhomadetheLambmakethee?•Tiger!Tiger!Burningbright•Intheforestsofthenight,•Whatimmortalhandoreye,•Dareframethyfearfulsymmetry?•是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？•在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？•是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂•敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？•群星投下了他们的投枪。•用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍，•他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？•他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？•老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中•燃烧着的煌煌的火光，•是怎样的神手或天眼•造出了你这样的威武堂堂？meter•Thepoemisintrochaictetrameterwithcatalexisattheendofeachline.•TrochaicFoot:Apairofsyllables--astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.•TetrameterLine:apoetrylineusuallywitheightsyllables.•Catalexis:Theabsenceofasyllableinthefinalfootinaline.InBlake'spoem,anunstressedsyllableisabsentinthelastfootofeachline.Thus,everylinehassevensyllables,nottheconventionaleight.•.....1...........2...............3..................4TIger,..|..TIger,..|..BURNing..|..BRIGHT.....1..............2...............3...............4INthe..|..FORests..|..OFthe..|..NIGHTsummary•Thepoembeginswiththespeakeraskingafearsometigerwhatkindofdivinebeingcouldhavecreatedit:“Whatimmortalhandoreye/Couldframetheyfearfulsymmetry?”•Eachsubsequentstanzacontainsfurtherquestions,allofwhichrefinethisfirstone.•Fromwhatpartofthecosmoscouldthetiger’sfieryeyeshavecome,andwhowouldhavedaredtohandlethatfire?•Whatsortofphysicalpresence,andwhatkindofcraftsmanship,wouldhavebeenrequiredto“twistthesinews”ofthetiger’sheart?Thespeakerwondershow,oncethathorribleheart“begantobeat,”itscreatorwouldhavehadthecouragetocontinuethejob.•Comparingthecreatortoablacksmith,hepondersabouttheanvilandthefurnacethattheprojectwouldhaverequiredandthesmithwhocouldhavewieldedthem.•whenthejobwasdone,thespeakerwonders,howwouldthecreatorhavefelt?“Didhesmilehisworktosee?”Couldthispossiblybethesamebeingwhomadethelamb?Questionsfordiscussion•Whatpartsofthetigerhavebeendescribedinthepoem?•Isitarealisticdescriptionofthetiger?•Whatisthesymbolicmeaningofthetiger?•WhydoesthepoetmentiontheLamb?DoyouthinkboththelambandtheTigercanilluminateeachother?ComparisonTheLambandTheTygerCOMPARISON/JUXTAPOSITION*Botharecreationpoems*StructureIt’sinterestingthattheendrhymeschemeforbothpoemshavemuchsimilarity.Bothpoemsemployendrhymeswith“ee”soundsor“ight”sounds.Manyconsiderthatanintentionalparallelstructure.*The2contrarystatesofthehumansoulexpressedintheanthology’stitle(InnocenceandExperience)arenicelypersonifiedintheideasofthesetwoanimals–theLambandtheTiger.TheSickRose•Orose,thouartsick!Theinvisibleworm,Thatfliesinthenight,Inthehowlingstorm,•HasfoundoutthybedOfcrimsonjoy,AndhisdarksecretloveDoesthylifedestroy.•噢玫瑰，你病了！那无形的飞虫乘着黑夜飞来了在风暴呼号中。•找到了你的床钻进红色的欢欣；他的黑暗而隐秘的爱毁了你的生命。