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..定语从句与宾语从句定语从句一.定语从句的基本概念在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that和关系副词where,when,why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。例：Thisistheboywhooftenhelpsme.二.关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例：Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.2.作宾语例：SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.3.作定语：关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例：What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosefatherisadoctor?4.作状语例：I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.三.关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例：Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。例：Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate？3.whose指人，在定语从句中作定语。例：Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例：Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords...5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例：Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例：I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例：Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.【注意】关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。例：Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.四.特殊用法1.只用that不用which的情况（1）先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例：Allthathesaidistrue.（2）先行词被only,no,any,oneof等词修饰时。例：ThegiantpandaisoneofthemostlovelyanimalsintheworldthatliveinthemountainsofChina.（3）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例：ThedeskisthesecondthingthatIhavemade..（4）先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例：ThisisthebestbookthatIhavereadthisyear.（5）先行词既包括人又包括物时。例：Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsthatheremembered.2.只用which不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从中。例：Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.（2）定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例：Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance...定语从句练习1.YesterdayLiMingwenttothevillage________hevisitedfiveyearsago.A.whereB.whoC.that2.Thegirl________isreadingismysisterA.whoB.whomC.which3.Theyliketoliveinahouse________isnotverybigbutbrightandcomfortable.A.thatB.whoC.what4.Whenshegothome,thefirstthing________shedidwastocleanthehouse.A.whichB.whatC.that5.RunningmanisaveryrelaxingTVprogram________ishotamongtheyoungpeople.A.whatB.whichC.who6.Thephoto________takenbymybrotherlastweekisverynice.A.whichwereB.thatwereC.whichwas7.Chinahastheworld’slongesthigh-speedrailway________weareproudof.A.thatB.whichC.what8.Thosepeopleandexcitingstories________happenedinthemoviearewellworthlearningtous.A.whichB.whoC.that9.Idon'tlikethose________talkmuchbutdolittle.A.whoB.whoseC.which10.---Dad,I'mhungry.Dowehaveanythingtoeat?---Youcanhavesomebread________fromthesupermarket.It'sonthetable.A.whichIambuyingB.thatIwillbuyC.thatIbought11.---Whatareyougoingtodothissummervacation?---I'mgoingtostartaclubtohelpstudents________notinterestedinschoolwork...A.whoisB.thatisC.whoare12.---Don'teattoomuchjunkfood.---You'reright.However,Idolikethefood________tastesgood.A.thatB.whatC.when13.---Hi,Kimmy.DoyouknowJamHsiao?---Sure.Heisapopularsinger________comesfromTaiwan.A.whoB.whichC.Whom14.Iwalkedinourgarden,________TomandJimweretryingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.whereC.that15.Icanthinkofmanycases(例子)________studentsobviously(明显地)knewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressions(表达)butcouldn’twriteagoodessay(文章).A.whyB.whichC.where16.---Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?---Thereisnooneelse________,isthere?A.whototurntoB.shecanturntoC.forwhomtoturn17.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,________thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhich18.Alecaskedthepoliceman________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.A.withhimB.whoC.withwhom19.Thesunheatstheearth,________makesitpossibletogrowcrops.A.whichB.thatC.where20.Isthisthefactory________youvisitedlastweek?A.whereB.whichC.when..宾语从句一.宾语从句的分类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1.由that引导的宾语从句。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中常常省略。例：Heknew(that)heshouldworkhard.2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which等和连接副词when,where,why,how等引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。例：Iwonderwherehegotsomuchmoney.3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。例：Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.二.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。例：CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?注意：陈述句变为宾语从句时，要注意人称和时态的变化，语序不变。一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时，也要注意人称和时态的变化，后面接陈述句语序。例：Shesaid,“Iwillleaveamessageonthedesk.”Shesaidshewouldleaveamessageonthedesk.“Wherearethetickets?”Iaskedhim.Iaskedhimwheretheticketswere.三.宾语从句的时态宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，这就是时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。..例：Pleasetelluswhereheis.Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet.注意：当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。例：Theteachertoldus(that)theearthmovesaroundthesun.四.宾语从句和状语从句的区别例：（1）Iwillgoouttomorrowifitisfine.（2）Idon’tknowifthetrainhasarrived.句（1）中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句（2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don’tknow的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：1.可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后