沙丽金版法律英语

TortLawGeneralDefinitionTortlawisthebodyoflawthatdealswithcivilwrongs,exceptthosethatarisefromcontractproblems.PurposetocompensateaninjuredpartythroughtheawardofdamagesfortheinjuriesincurredduringatortiousactGeneralUnderlyingpolicyconsiderationsmaintenanceofapeacefulsocietydeterrencesocialresponsibilitythebalancingofeconomicinterestsagainstsocietalbenefitsIntentionalTortsGeneralDefinitionanyintentionalactsthatarereasonablyforeseeabletocauseharmtoanindividual,andthatdosoIntentIntentismostoftenprovedthroughcircumstantialevidence—thedefendant’sconduct,inthecontextofhisorhersurroundingsandwhatheorshepresumablyknewandperceived.GeneralTransferredintentTransferredintentisadoctrineusedinbothcriminallawandtortlawwhentheintentiontoharmoneindividualinadvertentlycausesasecondpersontobehurtinstead.Underthelaw,theindividualcausingtheharmwillbeseenashavingintendedtheactbymeansofthetransferredintentdoctrine.GeneralSubcategoriesTortsagainstthepersonassaultbatteryfalseimprisonmentintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistressPropertytortstrespasstolandtrespasstochattels(personalproperty)conversionAssaultDefinition(incommonlaw)anintentionalactthatcreatesanapprehensionofanimminentharmfuloroffensivecontactAssaultandbatteryAsdistinguishedfrombattery,assaultneednotinvolveactualcontact—itonlyneedsintentandtheresultingapprehension.wieldingaknifeAssaultyellingthewordsnaketoapersonwhomyouknowisinfearofsnakesCriminalassaultandtortiousassaultIncriminallaw,anassaultcanresultfromanattemptedbattery.Sincesomeattemptedbatteriesmighttheoreticallyoccurwhenthevictimissleeping,unconscious,orunawareofthethreat,criminalassaultcanoccurevenwhennothreatisperceivedbythevictim.AssaultWiththetortofassault,aperceivedthreatbythevictimisparamount.＊Adefendantthrowsarockatasleepingvictim.Hecanonlybeguiltyoftheattemptedbatteryassault,sincethevictimwouldnotbeawareofthepossibleharm.BatteryDefinition(atcommonlaw)anintentionalactcausinganunconsentedharmfuloroffensivecontactwithapersonCriminalbatteryandtortiousbatteryCriminallawrecognizesdegreesofcrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact.Thereisbutasingletortofbattery.Battery“Harmfulcontactcontactthatobjectivelyintendstoinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepain“Offensivecontactcontactthatwouldoffendaperson’ssenseofpersonaldignityExamplesspittinginsomeone'sfaceBatteryintentionallyknockingahatoffsomeone'sheadorknockingaglassoutofsome-one'shandwhippingahorseonwhichaplaintiffwasriding,causingtheplaintifftofallandbeinjured(anurse)failingtowarnablindpatientthatheisheadedtowardanopenwindow,causinghimtofallandinjurehimselfFalseImprisonmentDefinitionthedetentionofapersoninaboundedareawithoutjustificationorconsentElementsintenttoconfineapersonwithinacertainareaactualconfinementawarenessoftheconfinementbythepersonsoconfinedFalseImprisonmentabsenceofareasonablemeansofescapeRemediesAcourtmayissueawritofhabeascorpustoreleaseapartyfromunlawfulrestraint.Thepersonfalselyimprisonedmaysuetheoffenderfordamages.IIEDDefinition★shortforintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistress★referredtoasthetortofoutrageinsomejurisdictionsintentionalconductthatresultsinextremeemotionaldistressElementsThedefendantmustactintentionallyorrecklessly;IIEDthedefendant'sconductmustbeextremeandoutrageous;andtheconductmustcausetheplaintifftosuffersevereemotionaldistress.ExamplesAdefendantrefusedtoinformaplaintiffofthewhereaboutsoftheplaintiff'schildforseveralyears,thoughthatdefendantknewwherethechildwastheentiretime.IIEDAdefendantsentalettertoaplaintifffalselyinformingthepersonthataclosefamilymemberhadbeenkilledinanaccident.StatuteofLimitationsDefinitionanenactmentthatrestrictsthetimewithinwhichlegalproceedingsmaybeinitiatedObjectivedesignedtopreventclaimsfromarisingafterallevidencehasbeenlostorafterthefactshavebecomeobscurethroughthepassageoftime,orthedeathordisappearanceofwitnessesStatuteofLimitationsFunctionThestatuteoflimitationsisadefensethatisordinarilyassertedbythedefendanttodefeatanactionbroughtagainsthimaftertheappropriatetimehaselapsed.ApplicationThedefendantmustraisethedefensebeforethecourtuponansweringtheplaintiff'scomplaint.StatuteofLimitationsIfnot,heisregardedashavingwaivedthedefenseandwillnotbepermittedtouseitinanysubsequentproceedings.TollingthestatuteMostjurisdictionsprovidethatlimitationsaretolledundercertaincircumstances.Theaggrievedparty(plaintiff)isaminor.Theplaintiffhasfiledabankruptcyproceeding.Shopkeeper'sPrivilegeGeneralInsomejurisdictionsoftheUS,thecourtsrecognizeacommonlawshopkeeper'sprivilege,underwhichashopkeeperisallowedtodetainasuspectedshoplifteronstorepropertyforareasonableperiodoftime,solongastheshopkeeperhascausetobelievethatthepersondetainedinfactcommitted,orattemptedtocommit,theftofstoreproperty.Shopkeeper'sPrivilegeRequisiteconditionsInvestigationonornearpremisesThedetentionitselfshouldbeeffectedeitheronthestorepremisesorintheimmediatevicinitythereof.ReasonablesuspicionTheshopkeeperhasreasonablegroundstosuspecttheparticularpersondetainedisshoplifting.Reasona