语言学Chapter-5-Meaning-

1ChapterFiveMeaning21.TheStudyofMeaningSemantics:thestudyofmeaning英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意思是significant(有意义)。是研究语言意义的科学。31.TheStudyofMeaningLinguisticsemantics:thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticularThemeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningofsentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningThemeaningofutterances:Pragmatics4Meaninghasalwaysbeenacentraltopicinhumanscholarship.Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists,e.g.Plato&Aristotle.52.ThemeaningofMEANINGTheword“meaning”hasdifferentmeanings.C.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.Johnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.6Healthmeanseverything.Hislookwasfullofmeaning.7Whatisthemeaningoflife?8Whatdoes‘capitalist’meantoyou?910GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaningSeventypesofmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaning11(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’（外延的）or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.12概念意义概念意义是意义的核心，它直接地、明确地表示所指对象，因此又叫做“所指意义”referentialmeaning如：father,dad,daddy,papa,theoldman,maleparent，具有相同的概念意义，不同的感情意义和文体意义。13联想意义词的关联意义又叫联想意义，是词的附带意义，包括词的感情色彩、文体意义等。这种意义不确定，变化大。Woman一词让我们联想到“妈妈”，“养儿育女”，“温柔”，“持家”等。14词的联想意义可分为：Connotativemeaning内涵意义Socialmeaning社会意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Reflectedmeaning反射意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义15(2)Connotativemeaning内涵意义Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueof(依靠;由于;借助)whatlanguagerefersto.指附加在概念意义上的，通过语言所指事物传递的意义；表示概念意义的属性。16(2)Connotativemeaning内涵意义Woman的概念意义是：(+hunman)(-male)(+adult)但这三个特征又有它的属性，及我们提到woman会联想到女人的社会、心理、生理等特点，如：frail,pronetotears,emotional(内涵意义)社会、阶级、阶层和个人都可以给一个词附加一个内涵意义。17Involvingthe‘realworld’experience,oneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.18Stepmother192021(3)SocialmeaningWhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.所传达的关于语言使用的社会环境的意义。22(3)SocialmeaningDialect:thelanguageofageographicalregionorofasocialclass.Time:thelanguageofthe18thc.,etc.Province:languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.Status:polite,colloquial,slang,etc.Modality:languageofmemoranda,lectures,jokes,etc.Singularity:thestyleofDickens,etc.23domicile住宅:veryformal,officialresidence:formalabode[ə'bəud]:poetichome:generalsteed:poetichorse:generalnag:slanggee-gee:babylanguage24语体级别据马丁·朱斯（MartinJoos）的“五只钟”（FiveClocks）之说，语体可分为亲昵（intimate）、随便（casual）、商洽（consultative）、正式（formal）和冷淡（frozen）25ThefiveclocksbyMartinJoosFrozenFormalConsultativeCasualIntimateFormal------------------------------Informal26(4)AffectivemeaningReflectingthepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。27‘Colorful’meaningCommendatorytough-mindedresolute,firmshrewd精明的childlikewisemanmanofunusualtalentportly,stout,solid,plumslender,slimDerogatoryruthlessobstinatesly,craftychildishwiseguyfreak奇异的，反常的fleshy,fat,tubbylean,skinny,lanky,weedy,scraggy28(5)ReflectedmeaningWhatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.通过同一表达式的其他意思所传达的意义Gay(快乐的，同性恋)Manytabootermsareresultofthis.29(6)Collocativemeaning搭配意义Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.pretty:girl,woman,flower,garden,colour,village,etc.handsome:boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.30(7)Thematicmeaning主位意义、主题意义Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.313.Thereferentialtheory指称论Thereferentialtheory:Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.32Problemwiththistheory:themeaningofdesk:Whenweexplainthemeaningofdeskbypointingtothethingitrefersto,wedonotmeanadeskmustbeoftheparticularsize,shape,colorandmaterialasthedeskwearepointingtoatthemomentofspeaking.Weareusingthisparticulardeskasanexample,aninstance,ofsomethingmoregeneral.33Thereissomethingbehindtheconcretethingwecanseewithoureyes.Andthatsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Thisabstractthingisusuallycalledconcept(概念）.344.Thesemantictriangle语义三角Words→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsconcept/sensesymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(thing)35Therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.Itismediatedbyconcept.36Richardsinventedthesemantictriangletodemonstratetherelationshipbetweensymbols(符号)andtheirreferent(指称).Onepartofthetriangleisthesymbol,ortheword.Anexamplewouldbeablanket.Anotherpeakonthetriangleisthethought(concept,sense).Thisisthewordsthatonewouldusetodescribethereferentsuchaswarm,cozy,cotton.Thereferent(object,thing),thelastpart,isthethingthatonewouldpictureinhismind.37airpl