LOGO气管插管术新疆医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科气管插管术是一种将一特制的气管内导管经声门置入气管的技术,这一技术能为气道通畅、通气供氧、呼吸道吸引和防止误吸提供最佳条件。Theinsertionofatubeintothetracheatoallowairtoenterthelungs.气管插管的途径是通过鼻腔或口腔,经过咽喉、声门、把插管插到气管或总支气管内。心跳、呼吸骤停。Cardiacorrespiratoryarrest丧失气道保护功能者。Failuretoprotecttheairway严重呼吸衰竭不能满足机体通气和氧供需要需机械通气者。Inadequateoxygenationorventilation即将发生或已发生的气道阻塞Impendingorexistingairwayobstruction多系统疾病或损伤的护理需要。Careofcriticallyillpatientswithmulti-systemdiseaseorinjuries.外科手术麻醉需要。Controloftheairwayinsurgicalproceduresrequiringgeneralanesthesia.无绝对禁忌症,以下所列为相对禁忌症。由于外部原因所致上气道梗阻Obstructionoftheupperairwayduetoforeignobjects颈椎骨折Cervicalfractures食道疾病Esophagealdisease进食腐蚀性物质Ingestionofcausticsubstances下颚骨折Mandibularfractures喉头水肿Laryngealedema烫伤或化学药剂灼伤Thermalorchemicalburns1.气管导管导管的选择Sizeofendotrachealtube按导管的内径计算internaldiameter(ID)男性Male:ID8.0mms女性Female:ID7.5mms月(Newborn-3months):ID3.0mm3-9月(3-9months):ID3.5mm9-18月(9-18months):ID4.0mms2-6岁(2-6years):ID=(Age/3)+3.56岁(6years):ID=(Age/4)+4.5插管深度Depthofendotrachealtube成人Adult男性Male=23cms女性Female=21cms儿童Children经口气管插管=(Age/2)+12(cm)经鼻气管插管=(Age/2)+15(cm)2.喉镜Laryngoscope气管插管使用的为直接喉镜。直接喉镜分直镜(miller)和弯镜(macintosh)两种。操作前务必检查喉镜是否明亮其他Otherequipments导丝Stylet手套Gloves吸痰器SuctionDevice5ML注射器syringe固定器Endotrachealtubeholder.仰卧,头垫高10cm,置入导管芯,将病人头部尽量向后伸仰,使三轴线完全重叠,让插管径路接近为一直线。Positionbedheighttobringthepatient'sheadtoamid-abdominalheight.Flexthecervicalspineandextendtheheadattheatlanto-occipitaljoint.Longaxisoftheoralcavity,pharynx,andtrachealiealmostinastraightline.左手持喉镜沿右口角置入口腔,左推舌体,使喉镜移至正中位。Introducethebladeintotherightsideofthepatient'smouth,movethebladeposteriorlyandtowardthemidline,sweepingthetonguetotheleftandkeepingitawayfromthevisualpathwiththeflangeoftheblade3.喉镜片抵达舌根与会厌交界处,上提喉镜,撬起会厌,显露声门。advancethelaryngoscopeuntiltheepiglottisisinview.右手以握笔式手势持气管导管,插过声门,进入气管。liftthelaryngoscopeupwardandforward.Inserttheendotrachealtubefromtherightwithitsconcavecurvefacingdownwardandtotherightsideofthepatient.Maneuvertheendotrachealtubeintothelarynx,midwaybetweenthecricoidcartilageandthesternalangle放牙垫,退喉镜.确定位置后,妥善固定导管与牙垫.注套囊空气(3-5m1).inflatethecuffandapplypositivepressureventilationwhiletheassistantauscultates.Securetheendotrachealtubeinposition。声音嘶哑及咽痛Postintubationhoarsenessandsorethroat呕吐VomitingAspiration局限性肺炎Pneumonitis肺炎Pneumonia心动过缓Bradycardia喉痉挛Laryngospasm支气管痉挛Bronchospasm呼吸暂停Apnea牙齿、嘴唇、声带的损伤。Traumatoteeth,lipsandvocalcords.颈椎损伤加重。Exacerbationofcervicalspineinjuries.气管内插管术(ENDOTRACHEALINTUBATION)目的:⒈麻醉期间维持病人呼吸道通畅,防止异物进入,便于吸痰和积血。⒉便于进行人工和机械通气,用于呼衰、复苏、中毒、新生儿窒息。⒊便于吸入全身麻醉药气管内插管的器械与方法:气管内插管的并发症(Complications)⒈齿、舌、咽喉部等损伤。⒉心血管反射。⒊呼吸道梗阻。⒋误入一侧支气管或导管脱出。5.长时间充气压迫,局部粘膜和纤毛缺血,粘膜脱落。纤毛活动停止3~5天,局部溃疡,软骨软化,坏死。确认1.压胸有气流。2.人工通气:双侧胸廓对称,听双肺肺泡呼吸音。3.吸气管壁清亮:呼气时有白雾。4.自主呼吸时,呼吸囊随呼吸张缩5.ETCO2:最科学全身麻醉的并发症及其处理(1)㈠返流与误吸(RegurgitationandAspiration)原因:诱导时气道梗阻,饱胃、上消化道出血、肠梗阻表现:急性呼吸道梗阻、吸入性肺炎、肺不张处理:预防为主,原则为⑴减少胃内容物和提高胃液PH值;⑵降低胃压;⑶保护气道;(4)麻醉方法)㈡呼吸道梗阻(AirwayObstruction⒈上呼吸道梗阻(upperairwayobstruction)原因:舌后坠、分泌物或异物阻塞、喉痉挛、喉水肿表现:不全梗阻:呼吸困难,鼾声完全梗阻:三凹征LOGO